a) Explain two challenges of metabolomic analyses. b) Describe two critical steps during sample preparation/extraction.

The utility of [answer1] allows for a mixing of multiple, heterogeneous samples for sequencing at the same time.

Because they lack gut microbiota, germ-free pups undergoing hand-rearing can develop intestinal bleeding due to deficiency in [option], which is normally involved in blood clotting

The term gnotobiotic refers to an animal that is devoid of all life other than that of the host.

The mycobiome of mice fed a low-fat high fiber diet with improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tend to harbor [option] while individuals with worse glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity harbor Candida spp.

A marker gene for next-generation amplicon-based sequencing does not exist for viruses, such as phage. 

Methanogens can reduce accumulation of [answer1] and enhance the overall efficiency of anaerobic digestion.

A bacterial culture has a growth rate of 0.6 per hour. Its doubling time is:

The southern dynasties between the Han and Sui are known for…

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that 10% of the world’s electricity should come from renewable sources by 2050.