A. Identify this structure; which extends beyond the inferior end of the spinal cord. (1 point) At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end? (1 point)

Determine if each statement describes the Sympathetic division, the Parasympathetic division or both.   (1 point each)

Complete the pathway with the appropriate structure. (2 points each) Light rays enter eye where they are refracted by the _________A___________, a transparent structure on the anterior surface of the eye. Light rays continue through a hole in the iris known as the _________B___________, which changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment. Once inside the eye, light is refracted by the ________C____________ which is able to flatten when viewing faraway objects. Finally the image is focused on the ________D____________(the neural layer of the eye) and light is detected by __________E__________(type of receptors). These receptors create action potentials which are transmitted along the optic nerves where some fibers cross over at the __________F__________, then continue on as __________G__________ synapsing in the thalamus and terminating in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

Complete the pathway with the appropriate structure. (2 points each)   Neurons on the tongue contain three types of receptors:  mechanoreceptors, ________A________, and ________B____________ .  Once threshold is met, the cranial nerves ________C___________ and _________D___________that innervate for taste on the tongue transmit action potentials back to the brain. Once inside the brain the afferent messages synapse in the _________E___________ before reaching the cerebrum. Once in the cerebrum the sense of taste is interpreted within the _________F___________ lobe.

Identify each structure of the spinal cord. (1 point each) A. thick area at inferior end B. the most inferior structure of the spinal cord

A. Identify this structure; located at each vertebral level. (1 point) B. As structure A exits the vertebral column it splits into a ventral and dorsal _____. (1 point) C. What is the functional classification of structure A? (1 point)

Complete the pathway with the appropriate structure. (2 points each)  Sound waves enter the ear and cause the _______A___________ (use anatomical name) to vibrate. This vibration is then transmitted through the middle ear and the three auditory ossicles. The ossicles are named (in order of vibration – from lateral to medial) _______B___________, ________C_________, and stapes; with the stapes located within the ________D____________ window. This causes waves to form within the fluid of the inner ear.  This fluid is called the perilymph and located within the scala vestibuli of the _______E___________, causing displacement of the basilar membrane. This displacement is detected by hair cells which are a form of _________F___________(type of receptor), which generates the action potential. The action potential then travels along the Vestibulocochlear nerve back to the thalamus and finally reaching the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

Identify each structure of the ear. (1 point each) A. B.

Considering their age and what is known about natural recovery, school-aged children, in general, have passed most of the chances for natural recovery. 

Language learning disabilities are typically characterized by: