Choose one of the following questions to answer.  Make sure to write in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible. 1.  Describe a way that microbes can compete within a biofilm.  Describe a way in which they can cooperate.  Why would an infection involving a biofilm be difficult to treat? ​​2.  How are pickles made? What factors promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria? What inhibits the growth of spoilage bacteria?  Where do the “good” lactic acid bacteria come from?

Choose one of the following questions to answer.  Make sure to write in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible. 1.  Discuss the different types of RNA and the significance of each. (What is the function of each one?) 2.  What is the difference between an acute, chronic and latent viral infection?  (Describe each one.)

Most people infected with this virus will develop a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

In the US, which government agencies routinely inspect food for quality and safety?

In 2016, E. coli was isolated from chickens on a new organic farm.  The isolate contained a plasmid carrying resistance genes to six antibiotics including tetracycline, sulfonamide, and gentamicin.  It also carried genes for resistance to heavy metals and a quaternary ammonium sulfate (Quat) disinfectant.  The farm feeds the chicks GMO-free, organically raised grain and supplements the diet with zinc and copper to promote growth and reduce disease.  No antibiotics are used.  After three years of organic practice, in 2019 we would expect to find E. coli that are: 

Flu infection directly damages these cells, which can lead to secondary bacterial infections.

The production of an influenza virus containing RNA segments from both an avian and a human virus after co-infection of a pig host is an example of _______ that would cause a _______.

SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) all:

To help prevent food poisoning from raw chicken you should: (Check all that apply)

Answer one of the two questions below.  Make sure to state which question you are answering. Describe three protective mechanisms present in the urinary tract. What is the most common source of bacteria for most UTI’s?  Which bacterium causes the most infections?  Describe at least 1 way the bacteria evade the immune system.