“The existence of chattel slavery in a nation that claimed to be Christian, and the use of Christianity to justify enslavement, confronted black Evangelicals [Protestants] with a basic dilemma, which may be most clearly formulated in two questions: What meaning did Christianity, if it were a white man’s religion, as it seemed, have for blacks; and, why did the Christian God, if he were just as claimed, permit blacks to suffer so?  In struggling to answer these questions, a significant number of Afro-Americans developed a distinctive evangelical tradition in which they established meaning and identity for themselves as individuals and as people.  Simultaneously, they made an indispensable contribution to the development of American Evangelicalism.”                                             Albert J. Raboteau, historian, African American Religion, 1997   The development described by Raboteau most directly illustrates which of the following trends in US history?  

As the West grew increasingly integrated with the national economy, the lives of Plains Indians permanently changed. How did the government respond to the conflict that arose from Indians who resisted these changes? 

  Which of the following is true about the Red Scare of 1919–1920?

President Johnson’s The Great Society

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following developments most strongly contradicted the ideas expressed in Jefferson’s statement?

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following was the most direct result of the ideas expressed in the quotes above?

“If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.  So if a law be in opposition to the constitution…the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature”                                                                            Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803   “The government of the US, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land.  Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation.  But there is no phrase in the instrument which excludes implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described…[A constitution’s] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.”                                                                       Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819   South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland?    

“Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural…Those who benefited most from the market revolution –merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmer, along with their families — faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors.”             -Sean Wilentz, historian, “Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848,” published in 1997.   Which of the following historical developments contributed most directly to the market revolution?  

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005   The goals of Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?  

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.” Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007   The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?