Free Response 1: List the steps in the contraction cycle (in order) and explain what happens in each. The explanation counts more than simply listing the step (12pts).

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the parasympathetic nervous system? [11] 12. The parasympathetic fibers that innervate the thoracic and abdominal cavities leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? [12] 13. A cholinergic receptor is one that is activated by [13] 14. What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons (with the exception of those synapsing with sweat glands)? [14] 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are [15]

Page 7: 31. The endomysium surrounds [31] 32. The area of the sarcomere where there are only thick filaments is the [32]33. The protein in the thin filaments that blocks the myosin binding site on actin is called [33] 34. Which of the following proteins has ATPase activity (can hydrolyze ATP to use energy)? [34]35. During contraction, Ca++ concentration increases [35]

Page 3: 11. In adult, what is most likely to be found in the medullary cavity of a long bone? [11] 12. stimulation of osteoclasts would [12] 13. In response to high blood calcium, the body releases [13] 14. In which area of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes enlarging and producing alkaline phosphate [14] 15. Which structure would you find in compact bone, but not spongy bone? [15]

Page 4: 16. The hollow spaces between lamellae in which osteocytes are found are called [16] 17. Which of the following is a fibrous joint? [17] 18. A diarthrosis is a [18] 19 The inner layer of an articular capsule is the [19] 20. What substance is typically found inside of the articular capsule? [20]

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the sympathetic nervous system? [11] 12. The parasympathetic fibers that form pathways innervating the eye leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? [12] 13. An adrenergic receptor is one that is activated by [13] 14. What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons [14] 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are [15]

Page 18: 86: Hearing is associated with which structure [86] 87: Equilibrium is a function of the [87] 88. Visual information is transduced in the [88] 89. The photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision are known as [89] 90. The outer layer of the eye is the [90]

Page 6: 26. Condyloid joints are synovial joints capable of [26] 27. A bundle of dense connective tissue that joints bone to bone and is found outside the articular capsule is [27] 28. A fluid filled sac, similar to a synovial capsule, associated with a joint that reduces friction is a(n) [28] 29. Hyperextending the neck results in your [29] 30. The connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber is [30]

Free Response 1: Describe the signaling cascade that occurs in a rod cell in both darkness and light. Start your description at the point the photon hits or does not hit a retinal molecule and finish with the excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

Page 7: 31. The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is referred to as the [31] 32. black and white vision is detected by [32] 33. The first step in visual transduction [33] 34. CN II is made up of axons of [34] 35. What visual information is processed in the right occipital lobe? [35]