In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had bo…
In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and white students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the first condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did white students because
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