The greenhouse effect is the heating of Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere caused by strong absorption and emission of __________ radiation by certain gaseous components of the atmosphere.

Liquid water changes to a vapor via __________.

The layer of the atmosphere within which most weather occurs and where the atmosphere interfaces and interacts with the other Earth sub-systems:

Indentify and describe some of the major interactions between the hydrosphere and the geosphere.

Most of the deep sea trenches in the world’s ocean caused by subduction occur around the edge of the ____________ Ocean.

Summarize the key evidence in support of the theory of plate tectonics.

The hydrosphere includes:

The thermohaline circulation is driven primarily by slight differences in ocean __________.

Sustainability is __________.

Advances in ocean science and technology in the last half of the 20th century were especially spurred by __________.