Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago.

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks.

Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic.

Ocean sediments provide all of the following mineral resources except:

Earth’s primordial atmosphere most likely included:

Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf.

Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts.

Explain what happens to the pH of the ocean as carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere.

Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all three states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor).

Satellites measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor.