Development length is the longest length of bar in which the bar stress can increase from zero to the yield stress.

The development length for a hooked bar is generally longer than that for a headed bar.

Hooks are used to provide additional anchorage when there is insufficient straight length available to develop a bar.

A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by _______ between the concrete and the bar and by a small amount of _______.

In a pull-out test, a concrete cylinder containing the bar is placed on a stiff plate and a jack is used to push the bar into the cylinder.

When a deformed bar is loaded for the first time, the adhesion and friction are quickly lost, leaving the bond to be transferred by _______.

Determine the bar-spacing factor, cb, for a simply supported rectangular beam with b = 16 in. and No. 3 stirrups. This beam has three No. 7 bars as longitudinal reinforcement. The clear cover is 1.9 in.

Use ACI 318-14 Table 25.4.2.2 to determine the development length for the straight tension bars (no hooks) in a rectangular beam with b = 18 in. and d = 24 in., five galvanized No. 9 Grade 60 bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 60 stirrups located every 6 in. along the span. Assume 5,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 1.5 in.

Bond stresses must be absent whenever the stress or force in a reinforcing bar changes from point to point along the length of the bar.

Which type of reinforcement is frequently used in bridge decks?