What kind of argument is being employed when a scientist uses questionnaires to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between using a particular product (hair dye, e.g.) and some medical condition (e.g. cancer of some type)?

What best captures the problem with the theory being proposed in the following? A religious sect based in Boston predicts that the end of the world will occur on January 1, 2001. The world, of course, did not end then. The leader of the sect explains that the prophecy failed to come true because members of the sect did not have enough faith in it.

All of the following are identified in the text as fallacies frequently employed in ads except…

Consider the following argument: A poll administered by a computer randomly generating a list of email addresses, found that 77% of Americans in the sample of 1500 viewed the current president favorably.  So, the current president has the overwhelming support of the American people.   What is the sample population in this induction?

Assuming that the statics used are correct, what is still misleading about the following? A burglary occurs every fifteen seconds in the United States.  80 percent of forced entries occur through a front door or a window.  That’s why it’s essential to invest in a product like the OnGARD security door brace, which helps prevent would-be burglars from breaking through your front door.

If dolphins had brains comparable to ours, then they would be able to create art.  However, dolphins do not create art, so their brains must be different.   The above passage contains . . . 

The color I experience when I see something as “green” has a particular quality (that is difficult to describe). You and I are both human beings, so the color you experience when you see something green probably has the exact same quality. (That is, what you and I experience when we see something green is the exact same experiential color.) What is the relevant similarity in between the two cases compared in this analogical argument?

A randomized telephone poll in the United States asked 20,000 respondents whether they supported a) a policy that allows killing innocent children in the womb or b) a policy that saves the lives of innocent children in the womb. The results showed that 69% of respondents choose option “b” over option “a.” The generalization was made that “most Americans favor a policy that disallows abortion.” What is the problem with drawing this conclusion?

Consider the following argument: “If a single cell, under appropriate conditions, becomes a person in the space of a few years, there can surely be no difficulty in understanding how, under appropriate conditions, a cell may, in the course of untold millions of years, give origin to the human race.” [Herbert Spencer] What kind of argument is this?

Why should one be skeptical of the following claim. made in the context of an ad?Some doctors recommend green tea extract for weight loss.