ScLi-8 Identify the structure of paragraphs in introductions of research papers The following statement is a [1] “Amphibians have been hit particularly hard by emerging infectious disease in the last century.” A simple paragraph containing this statement would need [2] A statement that would be appropriate to include in this paragraph would be [3] (modified from Byrne, A. Q., Vredenburg, V. T., Martel, A. N., Pasmans, F., Bell, R. C., Blackburn, D. C., … & Rosenblum, E. B. (2019). Cryptic diversity of a widespread global pathogen reveals expanded threats to amphibian conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(41), 20382-20387.)

ScLi16- Identify the purpose of discussions in scientific articles The following excerpt belongs to the study Anthropogenic Marsh Impoundments Alter Collective Tendency in Schooling Fish coauthored by Dr. Kevin Boswell  (professor in our bio department). The objective of the study was to determine if schooling behavior of fish was affected by the introduction of human modifications to their habitats. Researchers compared fish school behavior before and during predator attacks in undisturbed marsh environments and environments with  Water Control Structure (man-made).  The following is a part of a paragraph of their discussion: “In contrast with previous studies, which demonstrated that habitats with a structural boundary elicited tighter schooling with an increase in both rotational order and polarization (Rodriguez-Pinto et al. 2020), the decrease in the two schooling metrics at the WCS found in our study suggests that other factors modulated by the anthropogenic structure in addition to structural complexity are driving collective tendencies. A potential factor that may explain this is if the WCS environment, acting as an ecological hotspot, causes an increase in predation risk due to a greater abundance of predators. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability for fish schools to adjust schooling tendency relative to the perceived risk level (termed the “risk sensitive hypothesis”) (Rieucau et al. 2014), as well as showing that high-predation habitats influence social dynamics in fish schools (Ioannou et al. 2017). Therefore, the changes in behavioural schooling state observed at the WCS may be a result of a combination between habitat complexity, predation risk, and other environmental factors. Further studies on the combinations of environmental factors affected by anthropogenic structures and their impacts on collective behaviour are a novel area for future research.” Which of the following are functions of discussions that are NOT being addressed in the paragraph?

ScLi13- Identify elements in results that provide information on how study variables behaved The following is an excerpt of the study Herbivore effects increase with latitude across the extent of a foundational seagrass, whose first author is Dr. Justin Campbell (a professor in our bio department). “In this Article, we used a network of 650 experimental plots distributed across 13 seagrass meadows in the western North Atlantic to explore the effects of increased herbivory on a marine ecosystem under the emerging threat of tropicalization. We were particularly interested in high-latitude turtlegrass meadows at the northern edge of this species’ range, and our approach was a comparative analysis of herbivore effects (and the drivers of its variation) across tropical–subtropical waters. We specifically asked (1) What are the effects of increased herbivory on the health and ecological functioning of turtlegrass across its geographic extent? (2) Are these effects more prominent at the higher latitudes near northern range boundaries? […] To answer these questions, we conducted a synchronous, year-long manipulative field experiment at turtlegrass sites distributed from Panama (9° N) to Bermuda (32° N) (Fig. 1a). At each site, we factorially manipulated grazing intensity and nutrient availability. Grazing was manipulated using two techniques (1) the exclusion of large natural grazers (turtles and large herbivorous fishes) using mesh caging and (2) the simulation of increased grazing by clipping the leaf canopy to varying degrees, severe grazing (full-clip) and moderate grazing (half -clip) (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 1). Nutrient availability was manipulated by fertilizer amendments. ”   Which of the following statements in the results address question 1 or 2?

Random

Consider the deterministic linear-time selection algorithm whose running time can be described (for a certain q < 0.8) by the recurrence  T(n)

Which of the following events in the EGFR gene causes EGFR driven cancers?

During STR analysis a patient was diagnosed for a major mutation in Allele A: TTCTTCTTCTTC. How would you define this allele from the following?

You  have been asked to complete a Feeding Requirements Form for Ms. Johnson’s dog named Sadie.  Sadie is a Shetland Sheepdog, F/S, weighs 25 pounds, she has a BCS of 4/5, her activity /life stage is Geriatric & Obese prone.  Her life stage factor is 1.4.  Ms. Johnson is going to change Sadie’s food to a Senior Weight Loss dry food.  This food has 390 kcals/cup.  Ms. Johnson feeds Sadie twice a day.    Show all work.      1.  Please calculate her weight in kilograms. 2.  Please calculate her RER = (Body weight in kg)0.75 x 70.  Please give your answer in the unit: kcals/day. 3.  Please calculate her DER = RER X (Pet’s Life Stage Factor).  Please give your answer in the unit: kcals/day. 4.  Please calculate how much Ms. Johnson needs to feed Sadie of the new food each day.  5.  Please give your answer in the unit: cups/day.  Ms. Johnson feeds Sadie twice a day, please indicate how much she will need to feed her in the morning and evening.  

A firm in a competitive market is operating with an economic loss in the long run.  What would one expect?

Forty (30) points total, ten (10) points each.  Answer three (3) only. Please answered in the boxes below. Describe the law of diminishing marginal returns (product). How does that relate to cost? What are economies of scale and diseconomies of scale? You are responsible developing pricing strategy for a major company. You learn that one your products has an inelastic demand and the other has an elastic demand.  In order to increase revenue what changes to pricing would you propose.  Explain your reasoning. What are entry barriers?  How does their presence or lack of effect long run economic profits? How does the relationship between price and marginal revenue change if an industry is a monopoly rather than perfectly competitive?