This graph indicates the melting range for mantle rock at different pressures (left) and the melting range for mantle rock in the presence of H2O (right). Image Description Image of two graphs. The graph on the left shows pressure (y-axis) versus temperature (x-axis). At the bottom right where temperature and pressure are low, the rock is all solid. The top right of the graph shows the rock as all liquid where temperature is high and pressure is low. Starting with low temperature and pressure, as you move toward greater temperature and pressure, a zone of melting runs from the top and bottom along the center of the graph. It starts where pressure is high and temperature is low and curves to the bottom right of the graph as temperature and pressure both increase. The graph on the right shows pressure versus temperature with water. At the bottom right where temperature and pressure are low, the rock is all solid. The top right of the graph shows the rock as all liquid where temperature is high and pressure is low. Starting with low temperature and pressure, as you move toward greater temperature and pressure, a zone of melting with water cuts across the first half of the graph. It starts where pressure is high and temperature is low and stays in the melting zone as pressure increases and temperature stays low. As temperature gets higher alongside pressure, the meling zone with water curves to the bottom of the graph ending where you have medium temperature and high pressure. When ocean plates are subducted, water is introduced into the mantle. What effect does introducing water have on mantle rock?

Which rock layer (H, O, and I are not rock layers) is the youngest?

When measuring the positions of the lines in the absorption spectrum of stars in a certain galaxy, the lines are all shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. This means

The gasoline engine of an automobile is considerably less than 100% efficient. This means that not all of the energy in the gasoline is turned into kinetic energy of the car. Which of these statements best explains why?

 What is the most likely description of the plates and plate motions  involved in forming the Gallo Mountains?

This graph shows variations in temperature over the last 400 thousand years. Image Description Graph of temperature difference versus thousands of years ago. At the start of the graph, the temperature difference line begins at 0 and drops to a negative 9 difference before gradually increasing until it peaks at 5 degrees around 120 thousand years before dropping back down to a negative 9 difference and gradually increasing until it peaks at 240 thousand years. This trend of dropping and increasing continues, with two more peaks seen at 320 thousand years and 410 thousand years. Based on the natural cycles found in the graph, how far in the future will the temperature once again be as warm as it is now?

In her devotional talk, “Finding Your Place in the Universe,” Dr. Stephens compared us to stars. What point was she making with this analogy?

In which of these situations does the entropy of the universe increase?

Global temperatures have increased over the last 100 years. What evidence is there that human activities are at least partially responsible for this increase?

This is the energy diagram for the magnesium–oxygen reaction.    Image Description Graph of the magnesium-oxygen energy curve with energy (y-axis) versus the extent of reaction (x-axis). The energy line starts level then increases before reaching its peak energy around the middle of the reaction, then decreasing in energy and leveling off well below the initial energy level line. Sodium will also react with oxygen. However, unlike magnesium, sodium begins to react as soon as it is exposed to oxygen and produces very little heat and no visible light. Which of these curves best represents the sodium–oxygen reaction compared with the magnesium-oxygen reaction? (The curve for magnesium + oxygen is shown using a dotted line for reference.)    Image Description Five energy diagrams. Diagram A is as follows: The sodium-oxygen energy curve starts by increasing twice as much as the magnesium-oxygen line before reaching its peak and decreasing to below the initial energy line. The final level of sodium-oxygen energy is less than the magnesium-oxygen energy level. Diagram B is as follows: The sodium-oxygen energy curve starts by increasing more than the magnesium-oxygen line, reaching its peak a little after magnesium-oxygen before decreasing and leveling off, with its final energy above the initial energy line. The final level of sodium-oxygen energy is much greater than the magnesium-oxygen energy level. Diagram C is as follows: The sodium-oxygen energy curve starts by increasing a little then going back to the initial energy level by the middle of the reaction. The line keeps decreasing before rounding off and heading back to the initial energy line at the end of the reaction. The final level of sodium-oxygen energy is greater than the magnesium-oxygen energy level. Diagram D is as follows: The sodium-oxygen energy curve starts by increasing, but not as much as the magnesium-oxygen energy line, before rounding off and decreasing to below the initial energy line. The final level of sodium-oxygen energy is above the magnesium-oxygen energy level. Diagram E is as follows: The sodium-oxygen energy curve starts by increasing a little before decreasing a great amount below the initial energy line before rounding back up and increasing in energy back above the initial energy line. It begins to taper back to a decreasing line as the reaction ends. The final level of sodium-oxygen energy is greater than the magnesium-oxygen energy level.