Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy is inherited from the mother to all offspring. It results in the break down of retina ganglion cells and the axons. The mutation is of a protein called NADH dehydrogenase which is essential in cellular respiration. From this information, which organelle does this disorder affect?

A cell could have from one to thousands of mitochondria depending on its metabolic activity.

The alternative versions (forms) of a single gene are the:

Crossing over is the:

Which type of cell to cell signaling is used for long distance communication?

Hormones are used in _______ signaling.

After RNA processing ______introns were removed and ______ exons remain in the above nucleotide sequence.

During photosynthesis the reactions that release molecular oxygen (O2) occur in:

List the phases of the cell cycle in order. Include what happens at each step. (cell cycle ≠ mitosis)

The most abundant lipids in most membranes are ________.