How should citations appear when discussing a source with no clear author?

If no author is identified for a source, what should you use in place of the author’s name?

How should you cite a work with four or more authors?

In the figure above, the first phase labeled with the letter “a”  reflects a time of no microbial growth but one which cells are metabolically active.  What is this growth phrase called?

In the Indirect Counting method known as the Turbidity Test, a spectrophotometer utilizes light absorbency to determine cell concentration in a sample containing bacteria. 

An important enzyme in DNA replication that synthesizes the DNA strand during replication is:

High Frequency Cells (Hfr) in Conjugation have a portion of a plasmid inserted into its chromosome.

Which of the following are differences in RNA and  DNA: (Select all that applies)

The following equations can be used to help determine the time it takes for one cell to divide into two cells.  What is the name of this calculation?

In a Typical Genetic Modification Procedure, a vector must be selected to carry the desired gene sequence to the new recipient cell.  What is commonly used as a vector in these procedures?  Select all that apply.