Yeast cells can generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. What is the primary way they maintain ATP production in the absence of oxygen?

Suppose that a reaction in which a chemical bond is broken has ΔG of – 5.2 kcal/mol. Forming another bond has ΔG of + 3.3 kcal/mol. Could these two reactions be coupled so the energy released by one reaction is used to drive the other?

Hydrogen ion channels are added to the inner mitochondrial membrane. What impact would this have on ATP production during cellular respiration?

The template strand of a DNA molecule includes the sequence 3′ A T T C G 5′. The complementary DNA strand would be [a]. If this section of the DNA was used to make RNA, the sequence of the mRNA would be [b]. During DNA or RNA synthesis, the growing strand is elongated as phosphodiester bonds are formed between nucleotides. During DNA synthesis, this is carried out by [c], but during RNA synthesis, it is carried out by [d].

A point mutation changes a codon from 5′ UGG 3′ to 5′ UGU 3′. This changes the amino acid from tryptophan (which is nonpolar) to cysteine (which is polar). What is the most likely impact of this mutation on the protein’s structure and function?

When mitosis occurs normally (without errors), it produces _______.

DNA can be synthesized by cells; it can also be synthesized in vitro (outside of cells in a lab). We have looked at DNA synthesis as part of the cell cycle, during PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and during DNA sequencing. Here, we will consider how those processes compare. DNA replication in cells, during PCR and during DNA sequencing results in different products. [p] makes many fragments of different lengths from the DNA, [q] makes many copies of the same length of a single section of DNA, and [r] makes a single copy of all of the DNA. In order to initiate synthesis of a complementary DNA strand, cells use [x], PCR uses [y], and DNA sequencing uses [z]. [a] uses dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs). ddNTPs are used because [b].

There are both similarities and differences in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Summarize some of them by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down boxes. The initial energy input that starts glycolysis and is used to drive cellular respiration is [a]. The initial energy input used to drive photosynthesis is [b]. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis involve electron transport chains (e.t.c.) in a membrane. The e.t.c. involved in cellular respiration is found in the [c]; the e.t.c involved in photosynthesis is found in the [d]. The immediate source of energy for the e.t.c. in cellular respiration is [e]; in photosynthesis, it is [f]. In cellular respiration, the e.t.c. is used to directly generate [g]; in photosynthesis, the e.t.c from PS II is used to directly generate [h], and the e.t.c from PS I is used to directly generate [i].

What is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and used in the Calvin cycle? Choose all correct answers.

Which of the following events occurs earliest in mitosis?