calculate the reliability of their data.

explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results.

a control group; an experimental group

the needed sample to determine cause-effect relationships.

principle that information is often processed on conscious and unconscious levels.

Researchers must protect participants against greater-than-usual harm and discomfort.”

first woman to attend graduate school in psychology.

,”1. Dr. Song is studying the relationship between hunger and learning. They randomly assign participants to two groups: The first group learns new information after fasting for 1

The median is a measure of central tendency. The mean is calculated by adding up all of the numbers and multiplying it by the total.

If you are studying a variable that has an ordinal level of measurement, which of the following statistical tests should be used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the variables of interest?