Movement Analysis:   Posture: Betsaida is sitting in a bedside chair with armrests when you enter her room.  She has mildly kyphotic posture with forward head and shoulders, and posterior pelvic tilt.  Her weight is shifted towards her right side and she is leaning on her right elbow on the armrest of the chair.  Her left arm is flexed at the elbow and wrist, and resting on her stomach. Movement: Betsaida has been using a LBQC for walking. After putting a gait belt on Betsaida, you ask her to stand up and walk a few steps with you.  She immediately scoots forward in the chair a few inches, then rocks back and forth several times as she attempts to stand.  You notice that she is putting the majority of her weight through her right arm and leg, and is shifted away from her left side.  She ultimately requires Mod A from you to stand up.  Once she is standing, she grasps the LBQC with her right hand and walks 50 feet with you on the tile floor.  You notice that she has foot flat contact on the left at initial contact, excess knee and hip flexion on the left as she moves through stance phase, decreased trailing limb posture on the left, a short quick step on the right, then L toe drag through swing phase until she comes back to foot flat contact.  The entire time she is walking, she exhibits excess forward flexion at the trunk, with her left shoulder and pelvis retracted and her LUE more flexed and abducted than it was when she was sitting. She does not attempt to use her LUE at all during this task. When she turns to walk back to her room, she staggers a little and moves more slowly.  She requires Min A from you while she is walking and turning.  She walks back to the bed, turns with Min A, and sits down with good control but with the weight through her right arm and leg again. Considering the phases of the Hedman model of task analysis, describe two specific movement problems that Betsaida is facing, and name the phase in which each problem is occurring. (2 points)

Your newest patient, Nancy (she/her), was recently diagnosed with a stroke in the left cerebellar hemisphere. She presents with ataxic gait. Which of the following coordination deficits would you expect to see during your evaluation?   

Cognition/Communication: Betsaida greets you pleasantly and is able to tell you her name. She does not recall the date or that she is in the hospital.  She tells you that she cannot remember having a stroke but “that’s what they told me I have, so I guess it must be true.”  She asks you to repeat your name several times throughout the session. You decide to have Betsaida complete the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) so you can better understand her cognition. Her score indicates that she may have mild dementia. You are trying to help Betsaida recall the steps for getting from her bed to the bedside chair safely.  Give one example of how you could structure your treatment during your PT session to assist Betsaida’s learning and procedural memory. (1 pt)  

Describe Physician-Induced Demand hypothesis – what is its basic premise, what are some of its implications?

The Flexner Report

Which of the following factors in the U.S. is the primary driver for why U.S. spends more on healthcare than other nations?

ESSAY: Write a short essay on the question listed below (25 points)

There has been a rapid increase in mergers between hospitals. Discuss at least two arguments hospitals make to support the claim that consolidation benefits consumers.  Discuss whether hospital mergers can hurt consumers, and if so how. Please discuss evidence from the empirical studies that investigated the impact of hospital mergers on consumers.

Which of the following is the biggest fraction of healthcare expenditures?

The RAND Health Insurance Experiment found that the healthcare demand curve was downward sloping for which of the following types of healthcare?