The “Founder” effect refers to a small group of geographically isolated individuals that fully represent the total genetic variability of their larger parent population. 

Exaptation involves the adaptive repurposing of a preexisting morphological character to serve a new function.

Which of the following are the two models used to explain the fossil record of morphological change through time?

Seedless vascular plants contain an alternation of generations in their reproductive cycle, one asexual the other sexual.

Deuterostome larval/embryonic development occurs in all chordates as well as the invertebrate phylum Echinodermata (i.e. starfish, crinoids, urchins, etc.). 

Which ligaments are located superficially on each side of the knee joint to stabilize the femur on the tibia?

All of the following muscles contribute to the rotator cuff except…

Explain HOW and WHERE calcium contributes to each step of the skeletal muscle physiology.  Be specific and answer in complete sentences.  (2 points each) a. Neuromuscular Junction:    b. Excitation-Contraction Coupling:    c. Cross-Bridge Cycling:

The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is classified as a __________ joint, and has the more specific classification of __________.

A. Identify this muscle. (2 points) B. Identify this muscle. (2 points) C. Are muscles “A” and “B” synergists or antagonists? Explain. (2 points)