Refer to the data below from Inuktitut, an Inuit language of Canada, to answer the next several questions, attending particularly to the vowels [u] and [i]. ([q] is a voiceless uvular stop.) [pinna]  ‘that one up there’ [ani]  ‘female’s brother’ [aiviq]  ‘walrus’ [iglu] ‘snow house’ [aniguvit]  ‘if you leave’ [panna] ‘that place up there’ [aglu]  ‘seal’s breathing hole’ [iglumit] ‘from a house’ [ini]  ‘place’ [aivuq]  ‘she goes home’ [anigavit]  ‘because you leave’ [iglumut]  ‘to a house’  

Describe the following natural class of English sounds in as few terms as possible: [v, ð, z, ʒ]

A sampling frame:    

Compared to monolinguals, bilinguals …

It is complicated to determine whether two related ways of speaking should be considered different languages or dialects of the same language. Explain why it is complicated, with examples from at least two specific situations (i.e., two different pairs of language varieties). In the real world (rather than in the minds of linguists), what factors tend to weigh most heavily in this determination? 

A child’s production of the plural of mouse as mouses is an example of a(n) _____________.

In Turkish, [abakus] means ‘an abacus.’ How do you say ‘in an abacus’?

Use the data below from Tagalog, a language of the Philippines, for the next several questions. [kahon] ‘box’ [daʔiŋ] ‘to complain’ [datiŋ] ‘to arrive’ [daraʔiŋ] ‘will complain’ [daratiŋ] ‘will arrive’ [marami] ‘many’ [ʔumagos] ‘to flow’ [dami] ‘amount’ [marumi] ‘dirty’ [dumi] ‘dirt’ [kaʔon] ‘to fetch’ [humagos] ‘to paint’  

The phoneme /k/ is pronounced differently in the word skin and the word kin. The two pronunciations differ in ______________.

Speakers of the Cockney variety of London English tend to say [mæf] for the word mouth, pronouncing the vowel as a(n) [vowel1], while most speakers from the United States would generally say [mɑʊθ], pronouncing the vowel as a(n) [vowel2].