A____________ is a mere patdown of the outer clothing or container to which a detained person may have immediate access.

A major purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter police misconduct.

According to the Supreme Court, statements are “nontestimonial” when made in the course of police interrogation, under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.

In what case did the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals formally adopt the “totality of circumstances” approach?

Contraband that was discovered by the sense of touch, the identity of which is immediately apparent, may be seized.

Define “search” as it relates to the content in this course.

“In Aguilar v. Texas, the Court ruled that a magistrate must be informed of (1)some of the underlying circumstances relied on by the person providing the information and (2) some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant was credible or his information reliable. “

The emergency exception to the search warrant requirement is most likely to be upheld by the courts in cases where you inadvertently discover evidence while dealing only with compliant people.

The ____________ doctrine states that items in open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment and may be properly seized by an officer without a warrant or probable cause.

“In arrests without a warrant, probable cause must be established by a ________________.”