There are universally accepted rules for maximum crack widths.

The fatigue strength of longitudinal bars is greater than that of stirrups.

A beam is singly reinforced with the reinforcement in two rows. The bottom row contains 10 No. 8 bars at a depth of 18 in. The top row contains 6 No. 5 bars at a depth of 12 in. Determine the effective (centroidal) depth, d, of the steel.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 14 in., h = 26 in., and d = 23.5 in. It is reinforced with two No. 7 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 10,000 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the gross moment of inertia, Ig, for the beam.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 26 in., and d = 23.5 in. It is reinforced with two No. 8 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 5,500 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the transformed cross-sectional area of the bars, Ast.

The fatigue strength of stirrups is less than that of longitudinal bars.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 14 in., h = 22 in., and d = 19.5 in. It is reinforced with three No. 5 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 5,800 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the neutral axis location of the cracked beam (measured from the top of the beam).

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 28 in., and d = 25.5 in. It is reinforced with three No. 7 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 4,300 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the gross moment of inertia, Ig, for the beam.

Determine the transverse reinforcement index, Ktr, for a rectangular beam with b = 18 in. and d = 23 in., three galvanized No. 8 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 60 stirrups located every 8 in. along the span. Assume 8,000-psi normal-weight concrete and a clear cover of 2 in.

The hardest way to test the bond strength of bars in a laboratory is by the pull-out test.