Urea is: A) A plasma proteinB) A clotting factorC) A product of amino acid catabolismD) A type of nutrientAnswer: C) A product of amino acid catabolism

The liver produces all major plasma proteins except:

In the accompanying figure, synapses between primary afferent neurons and second order neurons carrying information about pain, temperature, and pressure from the right side of the body would be found in:  

There are cells in the central nervous system that contain proteins that remove glutamate from the extracellular space. Where would you expect to find these proteins predominately located?

Demyelinating diseases that expose the axon plasma membrane that previously lay beneath the myelin in the internodal regions would:

(10 points) Tetanus toxin enters the output regions of motor neurons by endocytosis. The resulting vesicles are transported toward the neuronal cell body on [a] by the [b] end directed motor protein, called [c]. When the vesicle reaches the motor neuron cell body, it is released from this neuron by exocytosis and taken up by endocytosis into inhibitory interneurons. In these interneurons, tetanus toxin destroys VAMP (synaptobrevin), which has alpha helices that span the membrane of [d]. The destruction of VAMP prevents it from winding together with the transmembrane protein [e] and the membrane-associated protein [f] to form the [g] complex. This prevents release of neurotransmitter from the output region of this interneuron and ultimately prevents the opening of [h] channels (be specific for ion type) in the postsynaptic cell. Despite the destruction of VAMP, Ca2+ still enters the cell through [i] calcium channels and binds to [j] on the vesicle membrane.

An antibody to the major protein in myelin called myelin basic protein would mostly bind in the:

Where in the accompanying diagram would the predominant open channels be voltage-gated K+ channels?    

(10 points) In [a] muscle, which lacks obvious [b], Ca2+ enters the cell through [c] Ca2+ channels and binds to [d] on the SR to increase intracellular Ca2+. These ions then bind to [e], an evolutionary ancestor of troponin C, which activates [f]. This enzyme then phosphorylates one of the two [g] attached to myosin. This phosphorylation changes the position of the [h] so that it can reach the thin filament which is made of polymerized [i]. Contraction in this muscle type ends when an enzyme called a [j] removes the phosphate group that had been added to the answer in Blank #7.

Destroying neurons in the dorsal (posterior) root ganglia would immediately kill: