“The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despitethe variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following was the most significant impact of the South’s expansion described in the excerpt?

…. They form great improvements upon the old constitution. So, taking the whole new…. Another feature to which I will allude is that the new constitution provides that cabinet ministers and heads of departments may have the privilege of seats upon the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives and may have the right to participate in the debates and discussions upon the various subjects of administration. Another change in the constitution relates to the length of the tenure of the presidential office. In the new constitution it is six constitution, I have no hesitancy in giving it as my judgment that it is decidedly better than the old.  Allow me briefly to allude to some of these improvements…. We allow the imposition of no duty with a view of giving advantage to one class of persons, in any trade or business, over those of another. All, under our system, stand upon the same broad principles of perfect equality. Honest labor and enterprise are left free and unrestricted in whatever pursuit they may be engaged. This old thorn of the tariff, which was the cause of so much irritation in the old body politic, is removed forever from the new.  Again, the subject of internal improvements, under the power of Congress to regulate commerce, is put at rest under our system. The power, claimed by construction under the old constitution, was at least a doubtful one; it rested solely upon construction. We of the South, generally apart from considerations of constitutional  principles, opposed its exercise upon grounds of its inexpediency and injustice. Notwithstanding this opposition, millions of money, from the common treasury had been drawn for such purposes. Our opposition sprang from no hostility to commerce, or to all necessary aids for facilitating it. With us it was simply a question upon whom the burden should fall. In Georgia, for instance, we have done as much for the cause of internal improvements as any other portion of the country. years instead of four, and the President rendered ineligible for a re-election …. Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; They were attempting to make things equal which the Creator had made unequal. Alexander Stephens, Cornerstone Speech, March 21, 1861 Savannah, GA What is the “cornerstone” of the Confederacy? 

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon….He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of fo llowers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” — Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

“All persons born or naturalized in the United States… are citizens…. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens… nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process; nor deny … equal protection of the laws.  Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states … counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote aNt any election … thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants … being twenty-one years of age, and citizens … or in any way abridged, except for … crime, … the basis of representation therein shall be reduced….  No person shall… hold any office … who, having previously taken an oath … shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same … But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.” — 14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States, July 9, 1868.  In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following?   

“The normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom. That as our Republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national [western] territory, ordained that ‘no person should be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law,’ it becomes our duty by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature, orof any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States.” — Republican Party platform, 1860 Republicans asserted that political leaders could not “give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States” in order to express opposition against the:

The Vigilance Committee of Boston inform you that the MOCK TRIAL of the poor Fugitive Slave has been further postponed…. Come down, then, Sons of the Puritans: for even if the poor victim is to be carried off by the brute force of arms, and delivered over to Slavery, you should at least be present to witness the sacrifice, and you should follow him in sad procession with your tears and prayers, and then go home and take such action as your manhood and your patriotism may suggest.  Come, then, by the early trains on MONDAY, and rally…. Come with courage and resolution in your hearts; but, this time, with only such arms as God gave you.”  Proclamation addressed “To the Yeomanry of New England,” Boston, 1854 The issuing of documents such as the proclamation generally had which of the following effects?

“The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despitethe variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt?

A financial analyst is testing whether the average return on a stock differs from 8% per year. Which of the following describes the appropriate hypothesis setup for a two-tailed test?

By referring to Problem 11, the covariance of the returns of A and B are:

The shares of two companies, A and B have the following expected returns: Prob Return A Return B.1 20% 10%.4 25% 15%.5 30% 25%The expected returns for A and B are: