A 34-year-old woman with known Marfan syndrome presents with palpitations and a mid-systolic click on auscultation. Echocardiography reveals mitral valve prolapse with mild regurgitation. Which of the following best explains her valvular abnormality?

A neonate is born with bladder exstrophy and pubic diastasis, revealing defects in the pelvic bones and surrounding musculature. The anomaly is traced to early disruptions in mesoderm development. Which embryologic layer is primarily responsible for the bones affected in this case?

A forensic anthropologist is preparing a facial reconstruction from a well-preserved skull. To properly align soft tissue markers, the team identifies a midline landmark at the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures. Which craniometric point is being referenced?

A 3-year-old male is diagnosed with Meckel diverticulum after surgery for bowel obstruction. Which of the following descriptions is most consistent with the “rule of 2s” associated with this condition?

During examination of a placenta in a case of preeclampsia, the pathologist notes thickening of the placental barrier and impaired exchange function. Which of the following placental components is NOT considered part of the typical placental barrier in later gestation?

A 62-year-old woman presents with intense, stabbing pain on the right side of her face. The episodes last for several seconds and are triggered by light touch to the cheek or brushing teeth. Neurologic exam is normal. MRI is ordered to rule out secondary causes. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved, and what is the diagnosis?

A 5-year-old boy presents with developmental delay, a long face, large ears, and enlarged testes. His teacher notes attention difficulties and social anxiety. Family history reveals maternal relatives with similar findings. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A clinical instructor is reviewing a student’s completed grossing sheets and corresponding cassettes from a radical prostatectomy. Which of the following CLIA competency elements does this activity satisfy?

A medical student confuses the terms used for embryologic kidney development. You ask them to match the correct structure with its ultimate fate. Which of the following is correctly matched with its adult structure?

A 30-year-old woman with pre-existing hypertension becomes pregnant. She is closely monitored for blood pressure and proteinuria. Why is this patient at greater risk for preeclampsia?