In December, Amos was talking with his 80-year-old grandfather about the COVID-19 vaccine.  Amos asked his grandfather how likely he was to get vaccinated.  His grandfather answered – “Probably about 90%.”  In January, when Amos was speaking with his grandfather again, his grandfather said, “I saw on the internet that the vaccine has a microchip in it that changes your DNA! That worries me a lot. There’s only a 10% chance that I’ll get vaccinated now.”  Amos had heard these conspiracy theories before and walked his grandfather through all the evidence showing that these claims aren’t just false but are totally ridiculous.  At the end of the conversation, Amos again asked his grandfather how likely he was to get vaccinated.  His grandfather answered – “Probably about 75%.”    The fact that Amos’s grandfather was still less likely to get vaccinated than he was in December, even after hearing that the information about microchips in the vaccine was false, is most consistent with what decision-making error?

Laura and her dad like to spend Saturdays checking out yard sales around their neighborhood. One Saturday while out at a yard sale, they spot a pair of hiking boots that are marked at $20. Laura’s dad offers the owner $16 for the boots but the owner declines. Later that day, another person purchases the boots for $20.  A couple of Saturdays later, Laura and her dad are at another yard sale when they spot a remarkably similar pair of hiking boots (in fact, they were the same exact boots!). The boots are now marked at $25 dollars. Laura’s dad offers the owner $21 for the boots.    The fact that Laura’s dad offered $16 for boots at the first yard sale, but $21 for the same boots at the second yard sale demonstrates what phenomenon of human decision-making?   

Mike pays $1 to enter a raffle. He was hoping to win an autographed photograph of a famous baseball player, but instead he won a red UW-Madison t-shirt.  He already has about twenty red UW-Madison t-shirts and he probably wouldn’t have paid even 25 cents for another one. Mike’s friend Patrick sees that Mike is disappointed to have won the t-shirt and so the next day Patrick asks if he could buy the t-shift from Mike for $5. Mike thinks about it and says that he wouldn’t sell the t-shirt for less than $20.   This scenario illustrates what decision-making error?

A 62-year-old male with hypertension and type 2 diabetes presents for medication initiation. His blood pressure is consistently 148/90 mmHg, and recent labs show microalbuminuria, indicating early signs of diabetic kidney disease. He reports a history of angioedema with an ACE inhibitor in the past. Which of the following would be the most appropriate antihypertensive medication to start?

A 62-year-old female with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presents for follow-up. Her blood pressure remains elevated at 148/88 mmHg despite lifestyle modifications. She has no history of heart failure, stroke, or kidney disease. Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line antihypertensive medication for this patient?

Select statements that correctly apply to non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs).  Select all that apply. 

Which of the following is a key goal in the long-term management of asthma?

A 54-year-old female with a history of hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite being on a thiazide diuretic, calcium channel blocker, and ACE inhibitor presents for follow-up. Her blood pressure remains 150/95 mmHg, and labs show normal kidney function and potassium level of 4.2 mEq/L. She has no history of heart failure. Which of the following medications is the most appropriate to add to her regimen?

Which of the following are nonpharmacological methods to control hypertension?  Select all that apply.

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