[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology fought to maintain the status quo that favored traditional elites. They viewed the French Revolution as a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability. Supporters believed that change must occur within existing traditions and institutions. Key supporters include Klemens von Metternich and Edmund Burke.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Hungarian revolutionaries pushed for autonomy from Habsburg-ruled Austria, full civil liberties, and the end to feudal privileges. This unrest forced the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand I, to abdicate in favor of his nephew, [BLANK-1]. However, once the new emperor abolished serfdom, the Hungarian revolutionary coalition fell apart as the newly free peasants felt no need to continue the revolutionary struggle. Facing a splintered coalition, the new monarch reversed some of his promises and began to rule Hungary as a conquered territory.

[BLANK-1] was held during the Summer of 1945 and featured American President Harry S Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This occurred following the defeat of Nazi Germany and these Allied powers met to discuss the post-war peace process and future of the world following the horrors of World War II. This was the first Allied meeting for Truman, who had replaced the recently deceased FDR and Churchill would be replaced in the middle of the meeting by Clement Attlee after losing his re-election bid. The Allies agreed that an unconditional surrender was necessary from the Axis Powers to end the war and Truman informed his allies about the creation of a new superweapon: the atomic bomb.

[BLANK-1] originated as a regional conflict, but quickly turned into a proxy war during the Cold War. It lasted from 1950-1953 and ended in a stalemate with little more than symbolic gains for either side. The northern belligerents initially gained the upper hand until an American and United Nations force landed at Inchon, and drove the troops back toward the Chinese border. At that point, Communist China invaded and pushed the American-led troops back to 38th parallel, where a fragile truce was signed.

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. It was perhaps the most radical and also the most influential of the ideologies to emerge from the era. Early adherents of this ideology argued that each ethnic people had their own spirit and cultural unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history and could serve as the basis for an independent political state. Adherents argued that these unified groups of people should rule themselves. As the ideology progressed, some theorists added nuance to the ideology suggesting that the origins of the unified groups of people came from industrial demands on society, not pro-modern origins. Others argued that these groups were imagined communities as modern societies were too large and diverse to truly represent one people with a common language, culture, and history. This political ideology merged with other ideologies of the nineteenth century to strengthen each movement. Key supporters include Johan Gottfried Herder, Giuseppe Mazzini, Otto von Bismarck, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Now the French National Anthem, [BLANK-1] was a war-time song that developed in southern France during the more radical phases of the French Revolution. The lyrics of the song (such as “to arms, citizens, form your battalions, let’s march, let’s march, until impure blood waters the furrows of our fields” and “may your perishing enemies see your triumph and our glory” illustrate the nationalist ideology that was present in France at the time and the violent, warlike attitude that went with defending the fatherland.

Pope Paul III established the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, or [BLANK-1] for short, in the 1530s. This body held judicial authority over the members of its faith and had the power to imprison and execute offenders of the faith. This institution famously opposed many of the ideas that arose during the Scientific Revolution, such as the theory of the heliocentric universe. Galileo Galilei was a famous scientist put on ecumenical trial by this body. Galileo was accused of heresy for publishing a book suggesting that the planets revolved around the Sun, not the Earth. He recanted after being threatened with torture, but was still placed on house arrest for the remainder of his life.

[BLANK-1] was a form of proto-industrialization that occurred prior to the factory work of the Industrial Revolution. With this process, an entrepreneur would provide a family with raw materials and the family would work to produce a manufactured product on their own time before the entrepreneur returned with their wages and more raw materials to be manufactured into a finished product. With this system families controlled the pace of their labor.

One of the first authoritative histories of the French Revolution was written by [BLANK-1], a Marxist historian who argued that the French Revolution was the definitive model of all bourgeois revolutions. Modern historians generally regard his interpretation as incorrect and embrace revisionist interpretations, rather than Marxist interpretations, of the French Revolution.

Later revealed to have been the great-grandson of Altan Khan, [BLANK-1] played a significantly role in converting the many Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism and in easing the relations between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty in China. Buddhism’s emphasis on non-violence helped to pacify the Mongol military threat to China.