Presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient?  

  The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus involve….  

Atoms form bonds in order to become stable (lowest energy state). How many electrons do most atoms want to have in their outermost shells in order to reach this stability? [a]

Identify the following compounds as ionic (I) or molecular (M), then write the names or the formulas: (ex. NaCl: I, Sodium chloride) [a]  CaI2 [f] Silver chromate [b]  SO3 [g] Carbon tetrachloride [c]  Mg(NO2)2 [h] Zinc hydroxide [d]  CdSiO3 [i] Iron(III) cyanide [e]  N2O [j] Sodium phosphate                                                       

  Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that ________ synthesis of sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pumps and sodium (Na+) channels in principal cells of kidney tubules.  

  Which type of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?   

  In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)?   

  In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis.  How will her body compensate for this imbalance?  

  Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost always identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult?  

  Which is NOT correct regarding nephrons?