Minority and white group members are equally likely to be poor.

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of:

Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete  school  than children who do not grow up in low-income households.

According to Shaw and McKay, a ____ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.

The “Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.

_____, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.

Cultural  deviance theory combines elements of relative-deprivation and differential opportunity theories.

Social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many residents into criminal behavior patterns.

According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion.

_______theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.