When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it is said to have reached a/an _______ state.

Occupancy loads, wind loads, furniture loads, and snow loads are examples of permanent loads.

A direct action is a movement or deformation that does not result from applied loads, but that causes stresses in the structure.

An indirect action is a movement or deformation that does not result from applied loads, but that causes stresses in the structure.

Dead loads are caused by the self weight of a structure and any materials permanently incorporated into the structure.

In LRFD, factor adjustments for service loads are typically _______ 1.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 45 psf, roof live load = 30 psf, snow load = 35 psf, and wind load = 15 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 90 psf, roof live load = 15 psf, snow load = 60 psf, and wind load = 40 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 100 psf, roof live load = 20 psf, snow load = 35 psf, and wind load = 5 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Assumptions and approximations can lead to variability in both strengths and loadings.