asserts that a person who has infringed on the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished.​

​Shaming is a new punishment idea that was first used during the early 1900s in both Europe and the United States.

​Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate’s constitutional rights?

According to the retributive justice model of punishment, those who commit a particular crime should be punished:​

​The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and were subjected to: 

The most frequently applied set of sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the:​

​The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:

​With reference to time, rehabilitation is:

The clerk of the court is responsible for preparing the presentence report provided to a judge prior to sentencing.​

Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification is known as a: