Briefly explain why lichens (fungus+alage) are great pioneer species during primary succession. (Complete sentences needed)

Choose ONE of the Freshwater systems we covered in class and list TWO functions of that system.

Briefly explain how overgrazing by livestock increases soil erosion. (Hint: Include the function of roots in the A Horizon (topsoil) profile layer.)

Choose ONE of the Freshwater systems we covered in class and list TWO functions of that system.

List two consequences of malnourishment mentioned in the lecture. 

An artesian well may flow up from a confined aquifer. 

All of the following apply to the particulate matter (PMs) pollutants, EXCEPT: 

Explain how the industrial revolution affected our human population density-dependent factors leading to an exponential growth rate. (Complete sentences are needed) 

Herbivory is actually a type of predation. 

Approximately 1% of Earth’s freshwater is groundwater in aquifers.