While modern artistic changes were developing before World War I, the conflict certainly affected the artistic vision and style of many artists. A landscape by British artist [BLANK-1] called The Mule Track (1918) demonstrates some of those changes. The artist had previously been influenced by the Realism movement and had painted easy-to-identify idyllic landscapes. After serving in the war, however, his vision changed. The Mule Track is a surrealist painting that shows a nightmarish landscape devastated by war. The painting shows dirt flying through the air (presumably from artillery shell explosions), dead trees, and a chaotic brown mass. The eponymous “Mule Track” is winding and jagged, broken in many places and leads through a treacherous land in the pitch of battle.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Explain the outcome of World War II. Why did the Allies win, why did the Axis lose? Be detailed, and examine the various arguments historians have presented as potential answers to this question. Which of these arguments (or combination of arguments) do you find most compelling? Which arguments do you believe are insufficient in terms of explaining the outcome of the war?Trace the spread of communism following World War II. Where did communism spread during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s? How did these new communist countries differ from one another? What major challenges did new communist countries face, and how did their leaders seek to mitigate these challenges? What groups of people generally supported their new communist governments and what groups of people were marginalized by the new state?Chart the progression of Latin American populism that began in the 1950s and continued for several decades. What Latin American countries saw a wave of populism during this time? Who were the populist leaders and what were their demands? How did the United States subvert populist governments in Latin America? What led to the decline of Latin American populism? Describe the violence, oppression, and economic ruin that typified the successors to these populist governments.

During the late-nineteenth century, as leisure time became more readily available for the masses in Europe and the United States, sports became a popular pastime with ordinary people. [BLANK-1] particularly increased in popularity because it was a sport in which men and women could play together.

In Mexico during the twentieth century, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated politics and held a monopoly over most public offices, labor unions, and federations of businessmen. [BLANK-1] was a member of the PRI who came to power in Mexico following the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre. He was a populist who nationalized utilities and increased social spending. He developed projects through projected future earnings from Mexico’s state oil monopoly (PEMEX). That policy proved disastrous, however, once oil prices dipped in the 1980s and Mexico was unable to make payments on its foreign debt and devalued the peso.

The Bloodlands of Eastern Europe were particularly brutal for Jews during the Holocaust. As the front lines moved back and forth, Jews had to navigate the violence perpetrated by the Nazi Germans, anti-Semitic Soviets, and their neighbors who may turn them into the authorities in order to gain favor with them. Historian Timothy Snyder referred to this delicate balancing act as being caught between [BLANK-1].

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):In what ways did Africans resist European colonization during the period of New Imperialism, from c. 1870 to 1914? What were some of the most-effective forms of resistance? What were the limits to African resistance? What ultimately gave Europeans the edge in terms of opposing African resistance to their rule?Describe the public health crisis in Great Cities during the Second Industrial Revolution. Who were some specific urban planners and health professionals that met these challenges? What, in particular, did these figures do to improve the health of city dwellers? What were the contributions of women in this regard? What was the ultimate effect of these improvements? What public health improvement developed during this period do you believe has had the most profound effect on human societies; why?Trace the progression of European artwork (including literature and music) from nineteenth-century Realism and Romanticism to the radically-different movements of Impressionism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Futurism, Cubism, and Dadaism in the twentieth century? [You need to address several of these movements, but you are not expected to discuss each of them]. Do you believe they are a result of the Great War or do these changes stem from something else?

[BLANK-1] was a political philosophy that developed during the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as a triumphant moment but believed there was no need to go much further. They promoted freedom from government control, freedom of the press, free speech, free assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the protection of property rights. This ideology appealed to the middle class and supporters favored a restricted franchise of mostly elite men; few pushed for more radical brands of change such as democracy or republicanism. Key supporters include Alexis de Tocqueville, Jeremy Bentham, and Adam Smith. 

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology fought to maintain the status quo that favored traditional elites. They viewed the French Revolution as a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability. Supporters believed that change must occur within existing traditions and institutions. Key supporters include Klemens von Metternich and Edmund Burke.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Hungarian revolutionaries pushed for autonomy from Habsburg-ruled Austria, full civil liberties, and the end to feudal privileges. This unrest forced the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand I, to abdicate in favor of his nephew, [BLANK-1]. However, once the new emperor abolished serfdom, the Hungarian revolutionary coalition fell apart as the newly free peasants felt no need to continue the revolutionary struggle. Facing a splintered coalition, the new monarch reversed some of his promises and began to rule Hungary as a conquered territory.

[BLANK-1] was held during the Summer of 1945 and featured American President Harry S Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This occurred following the defeat of Nazi Germany and these Allied powers met to discuss the post-war peace process and future of the world following the horrors of World War II. This was the first Allied meeting for Truman, who had replaced the recently deceased FDR and Churchill would be replaced in the middle of the meeting by Clement Attlee after losing his re-election bid. The Allies agreed that an unconditional surrender was necessary from the Axis Powers to end the war and Truman informed his allies about the creation of a new superweapon: the atomic bomb.