Staining quality can be affected by fixation.

What type of staining does heterochromatin exhibit?

Normal lymphocytes contain large amounts of __________________________.

What is the chemical grouping that links a dye to tissue?

What determines the color of a dye?

1. Demand (4 points) a. What is Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) and what are three(3) determinants of WTP? b. Consider a market that consists of 3 groups of individuals. The table below illustrates the marginal willingness to pay for each group of individuals:   Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3 WTP for first ton coal ($/ton) $60/ton $80/ ton $50/ ton WTP for second ton coal ($/ton) $52/ ton $70/ ton $35/ ton WTP for third ton coal ($/ton) $40/ ton $50/ ton $20/ ton WTP for fourth ton coal ($/ton) $20/ ton $35/ ton $18/ ton WTP for fifth ton coal ($/ton) $18/ ton $30/ ton $13/ ton WTP for sixth ton coal ($/ton) $16/ ton $20/ ton $9/ ton Using the table above, graph the market demand curve for coal at a market price of $20/ton, illustrating the quantity demanded.   c. Illustrate the change in demand if all individuals receive an increase in income. 2. Supply (3 points) a. What are two(2) determinants of supply? b. The table below gives the marginal costs for three(3) individual coal producers.   Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3 MC for first ton coal ($/ton) $18/ton $3/ton $1/ton MC for second ton coal ($/ton) $20/ton $5/ton $2/ton MC for third ton coal ($/ton) $24/ton $9/ton $4/ton MC for fourth ton coal ($/ton) $30/barrel $13/ton $7/ton MC for fifth ton coal ($/ton) $38/barrel $20/ton $12/ton MC for sixth ton coal ($/ton) $50/barrel $30/ton $20/barrel Using the table above, draw the market supply curve for the coal market given a market price of $20/ton, illustrating the quantity supplied.  b. Illustrate the change in supply for a policy implemented that requires increases the price of coal permits required for mining coal.   3. Coal Market (8 points) a. Using the information in questions (1) and (2), draw the market diagram for the coal market. b. Indicate the market equilibrium and the equilibrium condition. c. What is economic efficiency and what are three(3) of the required conditions for this equilibrium to be efficient?

  What are the economic characteristics of a common pool or open access resource? What is the difference between the two(2)? Using a graph, illustrate the equilibrium conditions and quantities for a private resource compared to an open access resource [NB: indicate where MB=MC and TB=TC and the corresponding Q* and QOA]. (3 points) Assume a market in which there is a subsidy to producers of a fossil fuel, such as oil.  Use a diagram to show how the removal of the subsidy can move the market to a new market equilibrium that represents an efficient allocation of price and quantity.  What will be the likely environmental impacts, if the result is less oil produced and consumed? (2 points) Define market failures as a general concept. Specifically, what are externalities and how do they cause markets to fail? (2 points) Even if all subsidies are removed, the market allocation for oil is not efficient if oil production and consumption still leads to an adverse externality, such as pollution.  Use a diagram to show how additional policies need to be adopted to internalize the marginal external costs (MEC) of pollution to achieve an efficient market outcome. (2 points) Using a diagram, show how the optimal level of polluting output can be alternatively reached by bargaining, regardless of whether the polluter or sufferer has the right to pollute. (2 points) What are two(2) limits to the Coase Bargaining solution? (2 points) Use a diagram to show that establishing a limit on the amount of polluting output can lead to an efficient market outcome, where compliance is mandatory and noncompliance leads to penalties.  What information is needed to apply such a standard? (2 points)

Explain in detail three(3) reasons it is so difficult to implement policies for a green economy.

Explain the relationship between economic welfare and environmental degradation as described by the Environmental Kuznets Curve. What are three(3) shortcomings of this theoretical relationship?

  Provide a definition for economics. (1 point) Define Boulding’s (1966) concept of the frontier versus spaceship economy. How does this relate to the linear and circular economy? (1 point) Define sustainability. What does this mean for economists? (1 point) Compare and contrast the pessimistic and the optimistic view of natural resource and environmental economics. (2 points) Compare and contrast weak sustainability and strong sustainability. (2 points)