“In Aguilar v. Texas, the Court ruled that a magistrate must be informed of (1)some of the underlying circumstances relied on by the person providing the information and (2) some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant was credible or his information reliable. “

The emergency exception to the search warrant requirement is most likely to be upheld by the courts in cases where you inadvertently discover evidence while dealing only with compliant people.

The ____________ doctrine states that items in open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment and may be properly seized by an officer without a warrant or probable cause.

“In arrests without a warrant, probable cause must be established by a ________________.”

“In Illinois v. Rodriguez, the Court held that searches in which the person giving consent has __________ authority are valid.”

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions relieves some pressure from counties for liability when hiring police officers?

______________ under federal law provides that the officer is not held liabile unless he or she violated a clearly established constitutional rule of which a reasonable person would have known.

“””No trespassing”” signs do not effectively bar the public from viewing open fields; therefore, the expectation of privacy by the owner of an open field _____________. “

“An _____________ is a lefitimate law enforcement activity that is not a search, which sometimes incidentally results in the discovery of evidence.”

Which case law establishes that consent for the police to search a vehicle also extends to closed containers found inside the vehicle?