RFLP changes are due to: 

What of the following is used as a marker of gender?

Which best describes most SNPs?

Polymorphisms are useful as: 

Which of the following polymorphisms are tandem repeats of 1-8 bps?

Funduscopic examination of a 68-year-old woman finds arteriolar narrowing, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots and hard waxy exudates.  Which of the following underlying diseases is she most likely to have?

The designation of phthisis bulbi refers to:

A 82-year-old woman has had increasing visual problems because of cloudiness and opacification of her eyes over the past two years.  Her left eye is shown in the figure below.  What pathologic process has most likely occurred in this woman?

A 42-year-old man develops white fluffy patches on the sides of his tongue.  These cannot be scraped off.  The biopsy shows squamous hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and “balloon cells”.   Immunohistochemical staining is positive for EBV.  Which of the following is the most likely risk factor for his oral lesions?

Progressive thinning and ectasia of the cornea without inflammation or vascularization characterizes this disorder.