Research shows that most men carry an extra Y chromosome, the “criminal” chromosome, which makes them more likely to commit crime. 

Because of their constitutional obligations, prosecutors and defense attorneys are not bound to the same ethical standards as other criminal justice employees.

The “critical stages” where defendants have a right to counsel refers only to the following stages: interrogation, jury selection, arraignment, trial, sentencing and first appeal of conviction.  

Prisonization, a process whereby an inmate takes on the value system of the prison and its culture, actually helps rehabilitate the offender.

In addition to probation and parole, other alternatives to prison include house arrest, electronic monitoring, and boot camps.

Which of the following best describes an Astronomical Unit (A.U.)?

  Federal judges:  

The Classical school of criminology maintains that people have no free will and choose whether or not to engage in crime

Cesare Baccaria is most closely associated with which of these?   

Which of the following astronomers first proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?