Which of the following is the minor premise of the syllogism corresponding with this diagram?

In traditional interpretation, what is the relationship between A and I propositions?

Which answer best represents the informal fallacy being committed, if there is any, in the following argument? “Sure philosophy helps you argue better, but do we really need to encourage people to argue? There’s enough hostility in this world.”

Which answer best represents the informal fallacy being committed, if there is any, in the following argument? “Iranian President Mahmoud Amadinejad says there are no homosexuals in Iran. Not a single one. Therefore, given Amadinejad’s obvious acquaintance with the people of his own country, we must conclude that no gay people live in Iran.”

What is the mood and figure of the following syllogism?   All toys are plastic things. Some toys are not weapons. Some weapons are plastic things.

Given the false statement below and assuming A and B exist, apply subalternation to determine the resulting statement and its truth value. Some non-A are not B.             (F)                     Subalternation No non-A are B. (Und.) Some non-A are B. (T) Some non-B are not A. (F) No non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are B. (Und.)

Consider the following categorical syllogism: All mammoths are extinct creatures. Some sloths are not extinct creatures. Some sloths are not mammoths.

Which answer best represents the informal fallacy being committed, if there is any, in the following argument? “You must take the final exam. Otherwise, you will fail this course.”

Select the fallacy that best fits the description given. This fallacy occurs in an argument that uses a nonrepresentative sample as support for a statistical claim about an entire population.

Which answer best represents the informal fallacy being committed, if there is any, in the following argument? “Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy is not worth the paper it’s printed on. Nietzsche was an immoral reprobate who went completely insane from syphilis before he died.”