Christopher Columbus and _________________________ were both Italian explorers who had to sail under foreign flags in order to do any significant exploration.

_____________________________ participated in over 50 sieges, and fought in over 100 battles.

Italy’s trade routes to India became cut off by the _______________ just to their east.

Briefly explain why lichens (fungus+alage) are great pioneer species during primary succession. (Complete sentences needed)

Choose ONE of the Freshwater systems we covered in class and list TWO functions of that system.

Briefly explain how overgrazing by livestock increases soil erosion. (Hint: Include the function of roots in the A Horizon (topsoil) profile layer.)

Choose ONE of the Freshwater systems we covered in class and list TWO functions of that system.

List two consequences of malnourishment mentioned in the lecture. 

An artesian well may flow up from a confined aquifer. 

All of the following apply to the particulate matter (PMs) pollutants, EXCEPT: