43. The pathological hallmark of neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome visible on lung biopsy is the formation of ‘hyaline membranes.’ What are these, and how do they impair lung function?

21. Celiac disease causes malabsorption of nutrients through which specific mechanism?

Section 10: Diagnostic Tests for Blood Disorders 51. Hematocrit (HCT) measures which specific blood parameter?

42. Which maternal conditions during pregnancy increase a newborn’s risk of developing neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

71. Two parents, both with sickle cell trait (HbAS), are expecting a child. What are the probabilities that their child will have: (a) normal HbAA, (b) sickle cell trait HbAS, or (c) sickle cell anemia HbSS?

    Identify  structures 1,2 ,3 , 4 and 5 respectively.    

Section 11: Pulmonary Embolism 51. A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot travels to and obstructs the pulmonary arterial circulation. Why is PE dangerous from a gas exchange perspective?

15. Which of the following is NOT listed as a trigger for asthma?

64. A 22-year-old Black male is started on primaquine for malaria prophylaxis. Three days later he develops back pain, dark urine, and a falling hematocrit. His blood smear shows ‘bite cells’. Which disorder does this presentation most likely reveal?

67. All blood cells originate from a single type of precursor cell in the bone marrow. What is this precursor called?