Which of the following techniques directly counts individual bacterial cells?

A researcher uses a spectrophotometer to monitor bacterial growth.  Which limitation applies?

A food processor finds bacterial contamination in products stored at 40 C .  What category of bacteria is likely growing?    

Which test evaluates the effectiveness of disinfectants on actual surfaces under normal use?

A disinfectant passes the use-dilution test but fails the in-use test.  What does this suggest?

You count colonies after serial dilution and plating.  Why is this method useful?  

In which phase is the bacterial population doubling at a constant rate?

Why might bacteria in a biofilm be up to 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics?

Which chemical agent acts by forming free radicals that damage cellular components?

Disinfectants are typically used on: