A spinal anaesthetic is performed for surgery. To which dermatome must sensory blockade extend to allow caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia?

Which ONE of the following best demonstrates that valid informed consent has been obtained for surgery or anaesthesia?

An adult patient undergoing routine surgery requires peri-operative intravenous fluid therapy. Which ONE of the following is the most appropriate initial intravenous fluid for routine peri-operative fluid replacement?

During intra-operative blood transfusion, multiple safety steps are required. Which ONE of the following is NOT a required safety measure during blood administration?

End-tidal CO₂ monitoring is used intra-operatively. Which ONE of the following physiological variables is NOT directly assessed by end-tidal CO₂ monitoring?

A 35-year-old trauma patient requires emergency endotracheal intubation in theatre. A rapid sequence induction is planned. Which of the following sequences represents the correct order of steps for safe endotracheal intubation?

A pulse oximeter probe is used during general anaesthesia. Which ONE of the following factors does NOT significantly interfere with accurate SpO₂ measurement?

A 55-year-old man is scheduled for an elective inguinal hernia repair under general anaesthesia. He has no drug allergies and no evidence of active infection. The surgeon requests antibiotic prophylaxis. Which of the following statements regarding peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis is MOST correct?

A woman undergoes caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Which ONE of the following statements best describes the appropriate use of opioids during general anaesthesia for caesarean section?

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an adult patient, correct technique is essential to optimise outcomes. Which ONE of the following statements is NOT consistent with high-quality CPR?