A researcher studies one university’s early alert system to understand how it operates and affects students, using interviews, observations, and institutional documents. Why is a case study the most appropriate design?

A researcher proposes studying belonging among first-generation students with this belief statement: “Belonging is both a measurable psychological variable and a deeply constructed personal meaning that varies by individual interpretation. Students’ sense of belonging emerges from objective institutional structures (program access, faculty diversity, peer demographics) and from subjective meaning-making processes (how they interpret belonging, what experiences signify acceptance). Comprehensive understanding requires measuring belonging patterns across students and exploring how individuals construct meaning from their experiences.” Proposed methodological design: Administer belonging survey to 380 students; analyze and measure relationships with retention, GPA, help-seeking behavior Conduct 24 interviews with students selected to represent high/low survey scores and different demographic groups Use qualitative findings to explain why quantitative relationships exist, identify contexts where belonging operates differently, and explore alternative explanations Synthesize both data sources into integrated conceptual understanding This research design and the researcher’s orientation to knowledge is best characterized as:

Which pairing of worldview and design is correctly aligned ?

A researcher examines one specific high school implementing a new mentoring program. The researcher conducts interviews, observations, and reviews school documents to understand how the program operates in its real-world setting. Which research design best fits this study?

A researcher analyzes interview transcripts from 20 first-generation students. The researcher’s initial codes include: “navigating multiple identities,” “experiencing discrimination,” “managing financial stress,” “uncertain belonging,” “seeking support,” “family expectations,” “demonstrating resilience.” After two coding rounds, these organize into three themes: Identity Negotiation: Students actively reconciling multiple identities (first-gen, racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, academic) in tension with institutional cultures Institutional Barriers and Agency: Students encountering systemic obstacles while exercising strategic agency and adaptation Relational Anchors: Specific individuals providing emotional, informational, or practical support The researcher reflects: “As a first-generation student myself, I notice I coded ‘resilience’ frequently. I wonder if I’m over-interpreting students’ adaptive responses as strength rather than considering them as necessary survival strategies in an unsupportive system. My own positive narrative about overcoming disadvantage may be shaping how I interpret student experiences.” This researcher is primarily demonstrating:

A researcher creates a survey to measure academic motivation, but the items focus only on attendance and homework completion and do not assess students’ interest, goals, or effort. Which type of validity is most threatened?

A strong problem statement must include:

A student writes: “As a constructivist, I will measure the effect of tutoring on GPA.” The problem is:

Remember, if your environment check, or environment, or how you take the test does not satisfy the online testing requirements, your test will not be accepted and you will receive a 0.There will be 8 questions plus one extra credit question. ONLY BLANK PAPER. HONORLOCK will provide the calculator. You may NOT use your own calculator.You will see one question at a time. Please always answer TRUE to go on to the next Question. You will be able to go back to Questions if you need to at the end. Be sure to scroll down and answer all parts of the question. You do not have to copy down the question.You will write all your answers on blank paper as before and scan it at the end to ONE SINGLE PDF document and upload and submit to Exam 1 DROPBOX in BLACKBOARD.Show all your work for full credit. As usual, no credit will be given without supporting work.SHOW YOUR BLANK PAPER FRONT AND BACK at the beginning.You will write all your answers on blank paper, order them, and then scan all of them to ONE SINGLE PDF document and upload and submit to Exam 1 DROPBOX in BLACKBOARD.Show all your work for full credit. No credit will be given without supporting work.

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