(1) Give the logical form of the argument below, using capital letters (e.g. A, B, C) to stand for the categories, then (2) provide substitution instances making the premises obvious truths and the conclusion an obvious falsehood.  Use terms whose interrelations are well known  (e.g. “cat,” “dog,” “animal”): All wines are alcoholic beverages. No aperitifs are wines. So, some aperitifs are not alcoholic beverages.  

In “If Dixon goes to the party, then Catchpole will go” the antecedent is “Dixon goes to the party.”

Some valid arguments have true premises and a false conclusion.

VALID or INVALID? (If it is an inductive argument, also indicate whether it is STRONG or WEAK) If Senator Tankerbell insults his opponent, then he will go on to win. Tankerbell does not insult his opponent. Therefore, Senator Tankerbell does not win.

(1) Give the logical form of the argument below, using capital letters (e.g. A, B, C) to stand for the categories, then (2) provide substitution instances making the premises obvious truths and the conclusion an obvious falsehood.  Use terms whose interrelations are well known  (e.g. “cat,” “dog,” “animal”): All wines are alcoholic beverages. All cabernets are wines. So, some cabernets are alcoholic beverages.  

VALID or INVALID? (If it is an inductive argument, also indicate whether it is STRONG or WEAK) World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking says that the condition of the universe at the instant of the Big Bang was more highly ordered than it is today. In view of Hawking’s stature in the scientific community, we should conclude that this description of the universe is correct.  

If an argument is invalid then it may have all true premises and a false conclusion.

(1) Give the logical form of the argument below, using capital letters (e.g. A, B, C) to stand for the categories, then (2) provide substitution instances making the premises obvious truths and the conclusion an obvious falsehood.  Use terms whose interrelations are well known  (e.g. “cat,” “dog,” “animal”): All wines are alcoholic beverages. Some aperitifs are not wines. So, no aperitifs are alcoholic beverages.  

(1) Give the logical form of the argument below, using capital letters (e.g. A, B, C) to stand for the categories, then (2) provide substitution instances making the premises obvious truths and the conclusion an obvious falsehood.  Use terms whose interrelations are well known  (e.g. “cat,” “dog,” “animal”): All wines are alcoholic beverages. All cabernets are wines. So, some cabernets are not alcoholic beverages.  

                 The hyperechoic area indicated by the arrows is caused by an artifact termed