An indirect action is a movement or deformation that does not result from applied loads, but that causes stresses in the structure.

Dead loads are caused by the self weight of a structure and any materials permanently incorporated into the structure.

In LRFD, factor adjustments for service loads are typically _______ 1.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 45 psf, roof live load = 30 psf, snow load = 35 psf, and wind load = 15 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 90 psf, roof live load = 15 psf, snow load = 60 psf, and wind load = 40 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Given that dead load = 45 psf, live load = 100 psf, roof live load = 20 psf, snow load = 35 psf, and wind load = 5 psf, determine the largest factored load.

Assumptions and approximations can lead to variability in both strengths and loadings.

An architect will generally design individual systems within a building, while an engineer will provide the over-all building layout.

Most cities in the United States base their building codes on the American Building Code.

For a beam to safely support loads, in every section of the beam the resistances must be _______ the effects of the loads.