The graph is titled Wolf and Elk Population Sizes in Yellowstone National Park. The horizontal axis is labeled Year, and has values from left to right of 1993 to 2006. Each year is represented with a tick mark, and the years 1995, 2000, and 2006 are labeled appropriately. The left vertical axis is labeled Wolf Population and has values from bottom to top of 0 to 20 in increments of five. The right vertical axis is labeled Elk Population and has values from bottom to top of 0 to 120, in increments of 20. Two separate lines with points are shown on the graph. The first line is dashed and is labeled Elk. The second line is solid and is labeled Wolves. The approximate values of each respective line are as follows. Year, 1993; Elk Population, 90. Year, 1993; Wolf Population, 2. Year, 1994; Elk Population, 95. Year, 1994; Wolf Population, 2. Year, 1995; Elk Population, 80. Year, 1995; Wolf Population, 2. Year, 1996; Elk Population, 75. Year, 1996; Wolf Population, 6. Year, 1997; Elk Population, 60. Year, 1997; Wolf Population, 7. Year, 1998; Elk Population, 55. Year, 1998; Wolf Population, 8. Year, 1999; Elk Population, 57. Year, 1999; Wolf Population, 11. Year, 2000; Elk Population, 70. Year, 2000; Wolf Population, 10. Year, 2001; Elk Population, 60. Year, 2001; Wolf Population, 16. Year, 2002; Elk Population, 55. Year, 2002; Wolf Population, 17. Year, 2003; Elk Population, 40. Year, 2003; Wolf Population, 18. Year, 2004; Elk Population, 38. Year, 2004; Wolf Population, 22. Year, 2005; Elk Population, 44. Year, 2005; Wolf Population, 18. Year, 2006; Elk Population, 28. Year, 2006; Wolf Population, 12. Figure 1. Wolf and Elk Population Sizes in Yellowstone National Park The graph is titled Browsing of Aspen in Yellowstone National Park. The horizontal axis is labeled Year, and has values from left to right of 1993 to 2006. Each year is represented with a tick mark, and the years 1995, 2000, and 2006 are labeled appropriately. The vertical axis is labeled Percent Aspen Browsed and has values from bottom to top of 0 to 100 in increments of twenty. Two separate lines with points are shown on the graph. The first line is dashed and is labeled Riparian. The second line is solid and is labeled Uplands. The approximate values of each respective line are as follows. Year, 1998; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 98. Year, 1998; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 98. Year, 1999; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 98. Year, 1999; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 96. Year, 2000; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 96. Year, 2000; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 93. Year, 2001; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 95. Year, 2001; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 85. Year, 2002; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 93. Year, 2002; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 83. Year, 2003; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 91. Year, 2003; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 81. Year, 2004; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 87. Year, 2004; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 48. Year, 2005; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 73. Year, 2005; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 25. Year, 2006; Percent Aspen Browsed in Uplands, 65. Year, 2006; Percent Aspen Browsed in Riparian, 16. Figure 2. Browsing of Aspen in Yellowstone National Park The graph is titled Growth of Aspen in Yellowstone National Park. The horizontal axis is labeled Year, and has values from left to right of 1993 to 2006. Each year is represented with a tick mark, and the years 1995, 2000, and 2006 are labeled appropriately. The vertical axis is labeled Aspen Height in centimeters, and has values from bottom to top of 0 to 250 in increments of fifty. Two separate lines with points are shown on the graph. The first line is dashed and is labeled Riparian. The second line is solid and is labeled Uplands. The approximate values of each respective line are as follows. Year, 1998; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 35. Year, 1998; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 35. Year, 1999; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 32. Year, 1999; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 38. Year, 2000; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 29. Year, 2000; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 48. Year, 2001; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 35. Year, 2001; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 58. Year, 2002; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 45. Year, 2002; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 75. Year, 2003; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 50. Year, 2003; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 95. Year,2004; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 70. Year, 2004; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 135. Year, 2005; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 90. Year, 2005; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 180. Year, 2006; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Uplands, 120. Year, 2006; Aspen Height in Centimeters in Riparian, 225. Figure 3. Growth of Aspen in Yellowstone National Park Wolves, a top predator, were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 after a 50-year absence. In a multiyear study, the numbers of wolves and elk were monitored. The data are shown in Figure 1. In two different environments scientists monitored the percent of aspen trees browsed by herbivores (Figure 2) as well as the growth of the trees (Figure 3). The upland environments consist mostly of flat forested areas. The riparian environments are areas along streams with steep, wooded banks. The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40-year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?

Individuals of a particular species of ground beetle are either light tan or dark brown. Light-tan beetles are predominant in habitats with light-colored sandy soils, and dark-brown beetles are predominant in habitats with dark-colored loam soils. In an experiment designed to determine the survival rates of light-tan beetles and dark-brown beetles in different habitats, 500 light-tan beetles and 500 dark-brown beetles were released in each of four habitats. Each beetle had been marked with a small spot of red paint on the underside of its abdomen before it was released. One week after the beetles had been released, any marked beetles that could be found were recaptured. The results are presented in the table below. It is assumed that differences in the numbers of beetles recaptured are directly related to differences in survival rates. Columns 2 thru 5 have 2 sub-columns each. The top row contains the column labels: columns one is blank; Column two: Habitat 1: Sandy soil, no insectivorous birds present. Column three: Habitat 2: Sandy soil, insectivorous birds present. Column four: Habitat 3: Loam soil, no insectivorous birds present. Column five: Loam soil, insectivorous birds present. From top to bottom the data is as follows: Row two: Color of Beetle: Habitat 1, sub-column one, Light tan; sub-column two, Dark brown. Habitat 2, sub-column one, Light tan; sub-column two, Dark brown. Habitat 3, sub-column one, Light tan; sub-column two, Dark brown. Habitat 4, sub-column one, Light tan; sub-column two, Dark brown. Row three: Number Released: Habitat 1, sub-column one, five hundred; sub-column two, five hundred. Habitat 2, sub-column one, five hundred; sub-column two, five hundred. Habitat 3, sub-column one, five hundred; sub-column two, five hundred. Habitat 4, sub-column one, five hundred; sub-column two, five hundred. Row four: Number Recaptured: Habitat 1, sub-column one, one hundred thirty; sub-column two, one hundred fourteen. Habitat 2, sub-column one, one hundred twenty-three; sub-column two, twenty-two. Habitat 3, sub-column one, sixty-five; sub-column two, seventy-four. Habitat 4, sub-column one, thirteen; sub-column two, eighty-seven. Which of the following processes best explains why fewer light-tan beetles than dark-brown beetles were recaptured in habitat 4?

When humans observe animals in their natural habitat, what are the animals most often found doing?

In a study on seed germination of radish seeds, five beakers were set up containing equal numbers of seeds. The beakers were subjected to the conditions indicated in the table below. Germination of Radish Seeds Beaker 1 Beaker 2 Beaker 3 Beaker 4 Beaker 5 Incubation Temperature 22°C 22°C 22°C 22°C 5°C Treatment of Radish Seeds None Boiled None None None Addition of deoxygenated water Yes Yes No Yes Yes Addition of mineral oil to block oxygen diffusion No No Yes Yes No Germination would be expected to occur first in which beaker?

Over many generations, two populations of the same species can diverge into separate species through reproductive isolation. The figures below represent a model of speciation and show the results of matings between individuals from two diverging populations at four different stages of speciation. The males represented in the model are heterogametic, which means they have two different sex-determining chromosomes, (e.g., XY). The females are homogametic, which means they have two similar sex-determining chromosomes, (e.g., XX). The offspring from each mating are labeled interpopulation hybrids. Figure 1 shows the results of a mating between a male and a female from the two populations. In each subsequent figure, the males are from one of the diverging populations and the females are from the other population. The fertility and viability of the offspring from each mating are indicated in the figures. Population 1 males and females are represented by white circles. Population 2 males and females are represented by black circles. Interpopulation Hybrid males and females are represented by circles that are half black and half white. The first row shows a male from population 1 and a female from population 2. The second row shows six Interpopulation Hybrid individuals. From left to right, they are: fertile male, fertile male, fertile female, fertile male, fertile female, fertile female. The first row shows a male from population 1 and a female from population 2. The second row shows six Interpopulation Hybrid individuals. From left to right, they are: infertile male, infertile male, fertile female, infertile male, fertile female, fertile female. The first row shows a male from population 1 and a female from population 2. The second row shows six Interpopulation Hybrid individuals. From left to right, they are: infertile male, infertile male, infertile female, infertile male, infertile female, infertile female. The first row shows a male from population 1 and a female from population 2. The second row shows the words: No Viable Offspring. Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which the males are homogametic and the females are heterogametic?

In contrast to earlier proposed inheritance models, the model of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel in which parents pass on “discrete heritable units” can be called ______.

The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands are believed to have arisen as a result of natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced ______.

Simpsons Diversity Index is a way to quantify the diversity of a community.  The equation can be written as: D = N(N-1) / ∑ n ( n– 1)  Where: D = Diversity index N = Total number of individuals of all species n = Number of individuals of a specific species   Community A has 3 species (A, B, C). There are 5 individuals of each species. (N=15) Community B has 6 species (A, B, C, D, E). There are 3 individuals each of species A, B, and C. There are 2 individuals each of species D, E, and F. (N=15) Community C has 5 species (A, B, C, D, E). There are 3 individuals each of species. (N=15)   Which community has the highest species diversity?  

” Each displaying possible evolutionary relationships among four taxa labeled A, B, C, and D. Cladogram A shows four taxa labeled A, B, C, and D at the top. From the base, a single line extends upward and branches. The left branch leads to taxon A. The right branch extends upward and splits into two branches. The left branch leads to taxon B. The right branch extends upward and splits again, with the left branch leading to taxon C and the right branch leading to taxon D. Cladogram B shows four taxa labeled B, C, D, and A at the top. From the base, a single line extends upward and branches. The left branch extends upward and splits into two branches, with the left branch leading to taxon B and the right branch leading to taxon C. The right branch extends upward and splits into two branches, with the left branch leading to taxon D and the right branch leading to taxon A. Cladogram C shows four taxa labeled A, B, C, and D at the top. From the base, a single line extends upward and branches. The left branch extends upward and splits into two branches, with the left branch leading to taxon A and the right branch leading to taxon B. The right branch extends upward and splits into two branches, with the left branch leading to taxon C and the right branch leading to taxon D.” Which cladogram(s) shows species C and D in their own clade?

A moth’s color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Each figure shows an image of a stickleback fish with a genetic structure below it. The left figure is labeled Figure 1. Marine stickleback. A long Pelvic Spine on the fish is labeled. The genetic structure below the fish contains three enhancers, a promoter, and a gene. From left to right, the Enhancer Sequences are labeled Hindlimb, Pituitary, and Jaw. To the right of the Enhancer Sequences is a Promoter with an arrow moving up and to the right, over the top of the Pitx1 gene. The right figure is labeled Figure 2. Freshwater stickleback. A short Pelvic Spine on the fish is labeled. The genetic structure below the fish contains three enhancers, a promoter, and a gene. From left to right, the Enhancer Sequences are labeled Hindlimb, Pituitary, and Jaw. The Hindlimb enhancer is crossed out with an X, and it is labeled Disabled Due to Mutation. To the right of the Enhancer Sequences is a Promoter with an arrow moving up and to the right, over the top of the Pitx1 gene. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962?