Proposition 1BGiven the following proposition: ∼[(A  ∨  ∼ B)  ⊃  X]  ⊃  [∼ Y  ⊃  (A  •  X)]In Proposition 1B, the main operator is a:

Proposition 1DGiven the following proposition: ∼ (A  •  ∼ X)  ≡  [A  ⊃  (Y  ∨  ∼ B)]In Proposition 1D, the main operator is a:

​ ​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each multiple choice question.An argument that proceeds from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause is:

​ ​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children’s lives remains invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles. Child Rights Information Network

INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic exercises are weight reducers.

​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.It is a fact that major life forms now on earth were not at all represented in the past. There were no birds or mammals 250 million years ago. It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. There used to be dinosaurs and Pithecanthropus, and there are none now. It is a fact that all living forms came from previously living forms. Therefore, all present forms of life arose from ancestral forms that were different: birds arose from nonbirds and humans from nonhumans. R.C. Lewontin, “Evolution/Creation Debate: A Time for Truth”

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each multiple choice question.Which of the following are all conclusion indicators?

​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage in 1912 because it collided with an iceberg. Four of the ship’s 16 watertight compartments could have been flooded without the ship sinking. However the iceberg tore several gashes in the hull, flooding 5 of these compartments.

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for the following multiple choice questions.Which of the following are all deductive arguments?