Short Answer Section (2 points each): Five questions are listed below. For full credit, you must answer three of the questions. If you choose to answer more than three, you will be given bonus points for each correct additional answer. Describe a vestigial structure and give one example. Name two types of fossils and briefly describe each of them. What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates? Give an example of each category. Briefly describe the concepts of natural selection and descent with modification. What purpose did each concept serve for Darwin’s discoveries? What does it mean when an organism has a complete digestive tract? Name one category (phyla) of an animal that has a complete digestive tract.

All of the following are types of fossils except:

Extra credit (1 point):  What is another name for a prescription (Rx) drug?

A patient with pancreatic insufficiency is at risk for maldigestion of fats. Which of the following is most likely to be impaired, and what role does bile play in this process? 

A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected lower UTI. Which symptoms are most consistent with this diagnosis? 

In patients with cirrhosis, which of the following interventions is most important in preventing hepatic encephalopathy? 

A patient presents with difficulty swallowing, weight loss, and heartburn. The nurse suspects esophageal cancer. Which of the following diagnostic tests is the most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis? 

A patient with AKI is receiving IV fluids and has had a urine output of 80 mL in the past 12 hours. The nurse notes crackles in both lung bases and increasing confusion. What is the best nursing action? 

A patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reports having frequent heartburn and regurgitation. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate to reduce these symptoms? 

Which age-related change affects medication dosing in older adults?