True or False? Our respiratory mucociliary escalators fail if a saline-rich layer of water develops between the ciliated cells of the mucosa (mucous membrane) and the actual mucous.

True or False? Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a clinical lab measurement of a patient’s average red blood cell volume.

If you were to take the patient’s respiratory rate and multiply it by their tidal volume minus the anatomical dead space, the value you would get would be their:

True or False? Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized ovum that splits at an early stage in development into two embryos, whereas dizygotic twins develop when there is independent release of two secondary oocytes and subsequent fertilization of each by different spermatozoa.

With respect to the first step in hemostasis – vasoconstriction, when a vessel is cut paracrine molecules which are vasoconstrictive are released to slow blood flow/blood loss and this is similar to what you are trying to achieve more drastically by applying a tourniquet to a hemorrhage site. Say someone goes to draw blood from a patient’s superficial lower pressure MC (median cubital) vein but punctures the deeper higher pressure brachial artery accidently (they never learned their surface anatomy…). Does vasoconstriction and thus the indicated site for a tourniquet need to occur superior/proximal or inferior/distal to the vessel break? Hint: think about flow from the left side of the heart out to the systemic circulation.

During the thermoregulatory response to exercise, cutaneous vasodilation can be maintained in spite of widespread sympathetic vasoconstriction to maintain mean arterial pressure because:

The following group of hormones induce the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells as part of the feedforward response to the presence of carbohydrates in the GI lumen.

Oral contraceptive pills containing estradiol or estradiol plus progesterone are given at specific doses during the ovarian cycle to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation. Hypothesize which of these is correct with respect to how these pills work just simply based on what you know about normal feedback regulation by these hormones during the ovarian cycle.

With respect to the second step of hemostasis – platelet plug formation, the process begins with platelet adhesion as they are activated by paracrine agents which also reinforce the vasoconstriction from step one. One of those is an eicosanoid called:

True or false? Often anticoagulants and fibrinolytic drugs are often combined with antiplatelet agents which led to the daily use protocol of a baby acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), however, this widespread protocol is now being called into question in many cases due to long-term side effects of aspirin outweighing the preventive effects.