Defendant owns a limousine service. One of his employees, Alpha, came into the office and stated, “Your driver Beta got into in accident this morning.” Defendant responded, “It’s probably because he was high on cocaine yet again.” Upon investigation, it turns out that Beta was not on cocaine, or any other drug, at the time of the accident. The victim of Beta’s accident sued Defendant and called Alpha to testify as to Defendant’s statement. Beta’s testimony is:

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Alpha witnessed a hit and run car accident. Two weeks later, Alpha had a heart attack while walking down the street. Beta approached Alpha to offer her aid, and Alpha stated, “It was Defendant who ran over Plaintiff in that hit and run accident two weeks ago. Plaintiff deserves justice.” In a civil action between Plaintiff and Defendant, Plaintiff call Beta and asks him to recount Alpha’s statement. Defendant objects. The testimony is:

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In a car accident between Plaintiff and Defendant, a police officer arrived and took the statement of Alpha, who witnessed the incident. Defendant’s attorney sought to have the police officer testify that Alpha stated that Plaintiff had been speeding before the crash. The judge should rule the testimony:

Plaintiff was helping Defendant fix his roof. While Plaintiff was climbing down the ladder, a rung broke, causing Plaintiff to fall. Alpha ran over to help, and Defendant offered Alpha $500 if Alpha would not tell anyone that he saw the broken rung on the ladder.  If Alpha testifies to this exchange, his testimony is:

Plaintiff and Defendant are co-workers. Plaintiff sued Defendant for defamation after Defendant called Plaintiff a “no good embezzler” during a meeting at work. Plaintiff calls Alpha, who had attended the meeting at which Defendant made the statement, to repeat the statement Defendant made. The evidence is:

Defendant is charged with kidnapping Victim. Defendant claims that he is not guilty and offers a series of alibi witnesses who claim Defendant was with them at the time of the crime. In the kidnapping, Victim was bound with fishing line. The prosecution seeks to offer evidence that Defendant has twice previously been convicted of kidnapping and that the victims of those crimes were bound with fishing line. The evidence of the prior convictions is:

Defendant is charged is with the armed robbery of a convenience store. Alpha will testify that his wife, Beta, saw Defendant run out of the store after the robbery and immediately stated, “There goes Defendant with a gun in his hand!” Alpha’s testimony is:

In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?