______________ under federal law provides that the officer is not held liabile unless he or she violated a clearly established constitutional rule of which a reasonable person would have known.

“””No trespassing”” signs do not effectively bar the public from viewing open fields; therefore, the expectation of privacy by the owner of an open field _____________. “

“An _____________ is a lefitimate law enforcement activity that is not a search, which sometimes incidentally results in the discovery of evidence.”

Which case law establishes that consent for the police to search a vehicle also extends to closed containers found inside the vehicle?

The police may be liable under:

What should be considered before determining if an area is considered a part of the curtilage of the home?

What starts as a frisk may quickly turn into an arrest if ____________ develops.

Before a stop can occur:

“Under the ____________ doctrine, the item seized is limited to what is in the officer’s sight. By contrast, items known or observed through the use of the officer’s other senses(smell, hearing, touching, and tasting) fall under the _____________ doctrine.”

“To be valid, consent must be voluntary and intelligent, based on ______________.”