If you were to take the patient’s respiratory rate and multiply it by their tidal volume minus the anatomical dead space, the value you would get would be their:

True or False? Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized ovum that splits at an early stage in development into two embryos, whereas dizygotic twins develop when there is independent release of two secondary oocytes and subsequent fertilization of each by different spermatozoa.

With respect to the first step in hemostasis – vasoconstriction, when a vessel is cut paracrine molecules which are vasoconstrictive are released to slow blood flow/blood loss and this is similar to what you are trying to achieve more drastically by applying a tourniquet to a hemorrhage site. Say someone goes to draw blood from a patient’s superficial lower pressure MC (median cubital) vein but punctures the deeper higher pressure brachial artery accidently (they never learned their surface anatomy…). Does vasoconstriction and thus the indicated site for a tourniquet need to occur superior/proximal or inferior/distal to the vessel break? Hint: think about flow from the left side of the heart out to the systemic circulation.

During the thermoregulatory response to exercise, cutaneous vasodilation can be maintained in spite of widespread sympathetic vasoconstriction to maintain mean arterial pressure because:

The following group of hormones induce the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells as part of the feedforward response to the presence of carbohydrates in the GI lumen.

Oral contraceptive pills containing estradiol or estradiol plus progesterone are given at specific doses during the ovarian cycle to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation. Hypothesize which of these is correct with respect to how these pills work just simply based on what you know about normal feedback regulation by these hormones during the ovarian cycle.

With respect to the second step of hemostasis – platelet plug formation, the process begins with platelet adhesion as they are activated by paracrine agents which also reinforce the vasoconstriction from step one. One of those is an eicosanoid called:

True or false? Often anticoagulants and fibrinolytic drugs are often combined with antiplatelet agents which led to the daily use protocol of a baby acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), however, this widespread protocol is now being called into question in many cases due to long-term side effects of aspirin outweighing the preventive effects.

A common point of clinical pharmacologic confusion surrounds the fact that the voltage-gated L-type calcium channels found in cardiac muscle are considered modified versions (isoforms) of the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors found in skeletal muscle. Alternatively, another way to state this is that the DHP receptors found in skeletal muscle are modified versions of the voltage-gated L-type calcium channels found in cardiac muscle. Either way, the reason this is confusing is because there is a class of drugs called DHP calcium channel blockers (antagonists/inhibitors) that actually only target the cardiac muscle isoform. With that, based on the name, what do you think is the primary condition these drugs are used to treat?

True or False? In comparing contractile force generated in cardiac muscle versus skeletal muscle, a key differences is that a single cardiac muscle fiber contraction is an all or none event at any given sarcomere length, whereas in a single skeletal muscle fiber it is proportional to the number of active crossbridges and affected by sarcomere length at the beginning of contraction (via the Frank-Starling law).