​Energy flow is one-way because ____.

​Why are the laws of thermodynamics considered laws of nature and not scientific theories?​

A system releases 22.4 kJ of heat and does 19.2 kJ of work on the surroundings.   What is the value of

The net charge on the perchlorate ion is 

In the molecular orbital description of the C22− ion, the bond order is             . Hint:  Fill in the MO diagram for the valence electrons, assuming the four core electrons fill the σ1s and σ*1s molecular orbitals. Hint:  Bond order = 1/2 [# bonding electrons – # antibonding electrons]

The hybridization of the indicated carbon atom in the structure below is                    .  The O═C−O approximate bond angle is                    .

Of the bonds C–C, C=C, and C≡C, the carbon-carbon triple bond is                      and                     .

When 350 mL of a magnesium chloride solution is placed in a beaker and the water is allowed to evaporate, 21.5 g of MgCl2 solid remains in the beaker.  What was the molarity of the original 350 mL of solution? Hint: molar mass (FWT) of MgCl2 is 95.20 g/mol. 

Have you taken online class/classes before? If you have taken online class/classes before, describe your experiences both positive/beneficial and negative/difficulty you experienced.  

Who gets credit for coming up with the original name “Beetles”: