What are Koch’s 4 postulates? 

A) Briefly describe 2 experiments that can be conducted by researchers that would demonstrate how HGT moves genetic material between different hosts. B) Compare and contrast vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Describe four ways in which these processes are similar or different. 

In what year was the disease we now know as HIV first recognized?

Although bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotes, they are evolutionarily distinct. List 3 ways in which bacteria and archaea differ with regard to their cellular structures.      

Describe 3 benefits of biofilm formation from the perspective of a microbe.

Define Environmental Justice. Then, review the examples below. Does the situation described seem fair/just? If it doesn’t seem fair, what are some things that could be done to make it more just (equitable). Access to computers and to the internet is not the same in all schools in the city.         A community with lower income and a higher percentage of people of color compared to the rest of the city has the highest air pollution levels and the highest asthma hospitalization rates in the city.   One community has less access to healthy and affordable food than the rest of the city and has requested funding and assistance to build a community garden. The City has recognized that there is an issue of historically unequal treatment in this neighborhood and has agreed to the request.   A meeting has been planned to discuss the cleanup of a contaminated site in a community; it will be held in English. However, approximately 25% of people in the community do not speak English as a first language.  

Two of the three ideas we discussed in class regarding what our ancestors believed about the causes of disease and illness were ___________________ and ______________________.

SARS (2003) and SARS-CoV-2. Compare and contrast these two outbreaks. In what ways are the viruses and outbreaks similar and in what ways they are different. Describe 3 differences between these two viruses and 3 similarities. Be specific in your responses! 

List three hypotheses that seek to explain the incredible diversity in prokaryotic morphology 

If you were the President of the United States what are some actions that might you take to address the antibiotic resistance crisis? List 5