Classification. The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.

In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, what is produced?

During the light-dependent reactions, NADPH ____.

(5 points for the correct answer. If you have correctly answered a total of 9 questions among questions 1 through 11, you will receive 2 bonus points.) Determine the general solution of the following Euler equation:            

Background The dataset includes 9 baseline numeric variables: age, body mass index, average blood pressure, and six blood serum measurements for each of n = 442 diabetes patients. The response of interest is a quantitative measure of diabetes disease progression one year after baseline. The dataset is obtained from sklearn.datasets. We will be fitting multiple linear regression models to the train dataset and making predictions on the test dataset. Attribute Information: age: age in years bmi: body mass index bp: average blood pressure s1: tc, total serum cholesterol s2: ldl, low-density lipoproteins s3: hdl, high-density lipoproteins s4: tch, total cholesterol / HDL s5: ltg, possibly log of serum triglycerides level s6: glu, blood sugar level Target: quantitative measure of disease progression one year after baseline (Response variable) Note: All features have NOT been standardized.

Question 3: Stepwise Regression – 14 points For this question, use the trainData. Perform forward stepwise regression using BIC. Let the minimum model be the one with only an intercept, and the maximum model to be model1. Display the model summary of your final model. Call it forward_model. (2 points) Which variables were selected in the forward_model? Which regression coefficients are significant at the 99% confidence level in forward_model? (1 points) Perform backward stepwise regression using AIC. Let the minimum model be the one with only an intercept, and the maximum model to be model1. Display the model summary of your final model. Call it backward_model. (2 points) Which regression coefficients are significant at the 99% confidence level in backward_model? Are the selected variables different in forward and backward models? (2 points) Perform 2 Partial F-tests to compare the backward_model with the full model (model1) and the forward model with model1. What is your interpretation at the 95% confidence level? (2 points) Perform forward-backward stepwise regression model using AIC, starting with minimal model. Call it both_model.(2 points) Which variables are selected in both_model? Are all the selected variables significant at 99% level? Explain the reason. (2 points) What is the difference in variable selection between forward, backward and forward-backward stepwise regresssion? (1 points)

BONUS (up to 3 points): Explain the similarities and differences between osteomalacia and rickets.

5. Determine the location of the center of pressure (yp), measured from the free water level (top of the water).

Question 1: EDA and Full Model – 4 points For this question, use the trainData. Build a correlation matrix plot on the trainData dataset. Interpret it. (1 points) Fit a multiple linear regression with the variable ‘Target’ as the response and the other variables as predictors. Call it model1. Display the model summary. (2 points) What are the Mallow’s Cp, AIC, and BIC values for the full model (model1)? (1 points)

A spring is attached to the hook of the iolab. The following data is collected showing the spring force (in N) on the vertical axis plotted as a function of position on the horizontal axis (in meters).  From this data, determine the equilibrium position of the spring (approximately). In case you find it hard to read the summary statistics on the right, the slope of the best fit line is approximately -2 and the intercept is approximately 0.4.