___________________ are inherited blood disorders resulting from abnormal hemoglobin that comes from a mutation that reduces or prevents synthesis of either α- or β-globin genes.

Genes that are expressed only in specific cell types are known as:

Which molecule is expected to have the greatest dipole moment?

A closed reading frame:

Repetitive DNA is invariably noncoding DNA.

Repetitive noncoding DNA makes up approximately what percentage of the human genome?

The biggest difference in gene functions between unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes is in the proportion of genes for:

Most genes of an organism:

The chloroplast genome includes genes for products involved in gene expression, such as RNA polymerase and ribosomal proteins. 

(5 points) Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process that acidifies the stomach with HCl while maintaining a neutral cytosolic pH. (1) Explain the process of acidifying gastric fluid and the function of each of the five transporters in achieving the acidic pH of the stomach. (2) Define each transporter based on the information discussed in class.