Which of the following would DECREASE membrane potential (Vm)? Consider any decrease, regardless of magnitude.  Assume the ‘normal physiological’ physiological conditions and: EK+ = (-)70 mVENa+ = (+)50 mVECl- = (-)65 mVECa+2 = +120 mVVrest = (-)60 mVThreshold = (-)40 mV HINT: think about the Goldman equation and the fact that you are starting at Vrest. (select all that apply)

In what way are ion channels similar to active transporters? HINT: think about the meaning of passive vs. active – which require energy?

In your lectures, you were asked to define the following term on your own: year without summer. For four points, first identify the name of the volcano that caused this event and then briefly explain the term:  

Recalling the You Tube video embeded in your lectures and the following image, which particular volcanic hazard is presented below: 

Which group of lipids can make a barrier formed by hydrophilic heads that face outwards and hydrophobic tails that face inwards?

Beth was monitoring the oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico from an oil tanker. From her observations, she noted that the oil was moving as large patches in the water. It did not appear as though the oil was dissolving into the water. Why did the oil not dissolve into the water?

If an atom has 12 electrons, how many valence electrons does it have?

Potassium, with one valance electron, will react with how many chlorine atoms? (Chlorine has seven valance electrons.)

You perform an experiment in which you take 16 pots (same size) of strawberry plants and give half of them 10 ml of nitrogen supplement per liter of water and the other half receive only water. Each group is then exposed to 16 hours of light each day. You monitor the height of the plants for 4 weeks. You observe that plants given nitrogen supplement grow taller than plants grown with no nitrogen supplement. What is the independent (experimental) variable in this experiment? 

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