According to the authors, until the mid-1700s criminal punishment in Europe and American colonies focused on which of the following?​

One of the most disturbing aspects of contemporary U.S. society is the increasing proportion of children who live in poverty.​

​Proponents who say that nothing should be done about prison overcrowding subscribe to which strategy?

Prison crowding directly affects the ability of correctional staff to do their work because it decreases the proportion of offenders in programs, increases the potential for violence, and strains morale.​

Lethal injection is fast, easy, and painless.​

In terms of culture, the United States is a:​

Legislatures typically estimate that new prison construction costs roughly __________ per cell.​

​Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.

​African Americans are now _________________ times more likely to than whites to be incarecated at some time in their life in a state or federal prison.

Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.​