Cases dealing with stops for loitering are:

The United States has a three-tiered court structure consisting of federal, state, and city courts.

Reasonable suspicion is a level of justification above probable cause, and is “considerably more than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of evidence.”

Which of the following can be said about stop and frisk?

Which standard of justification is necessary for stop and frisk activities?

The due process model emphasizes factual guilt.

Justification that falls below probable cause but above a hunch is referred to as:

If information supplied by an informant or by an officer’s firsthand observations later proves to be false, the courts will uphold the arrest or search, so long as the mistake was a reasonable one.

Probable cause is required for a consent search.

When a private source is used deliberately in place of the police, Fourth Amendment protections are triggered.